Unit of Compenatce: Developing Morality,

Professional Ethics and Patriotism

LO1- DEVELOP
MORALITY
By Hayalu. K
1 11/11/2024
 TOPICS
1. Developing the concepts of morality

2. Identifying Moral Principles

3. Identifying the difference and similarity between moral

and ethics

4. Describing types of virtues

5. Applying moral value in work place

6. Practicing multiculturalism
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 1. Developing the concepts of morality
1.1 Concept of morality
 Morality comes from a Latin word “mores” meaning
custom, habit, manner, character or proper behavior.
 Therefore, the manners you learn like politeness of
behavior, way of saluting, or giving helpful hands for
elders, showing sympathy to people during sadness are
valued as morality.
 Even if what are considered good and bad differs in
different societies, learning moral values is significantly
important in a society, because it helps individuals or
groups to live together in peace and unity.
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 1. Developing the concepts of morality
 Different scholars define Morality as:
 Those principles and values that actually guide, for better
or worse, an individual ‘s personal conduct (Guy, 2001)
 Morality is the informal system of rational beings by which
they govern their behavior in order to lesson harm or evil
and do good, this system, although informal, enjoys
amazing agreement across time and cultures concerning
moral rules, moral ideas and moral virtues (Madden, 2000)
 Hence, learning about morality which involves what we
ought to do, right and wrong, good and bad helps us to
adjust ourselves in a society we are living in.
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 1.Developing the concepts of morality
1.1.1 Morality and its Application
a. To whom or what does morality apply?
 Morality may be applied to four areas:
i. Religion:
 Morality determined by relation between human being and
supernatural being.
 In the Jewish and Christian traditions, for example, the first three
of the Ten Commandments pertain to this kind of morality.
 These commandments deal with a person’s relationship with
God, not with any other human beings.
 By violating any of these three commandments, a person could,
according to this particular code of ethics, act immorally toward
God without acting immorally toward anyone else.
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 1.Developing the concepts of morality
ii. Nature:
 Morality determined by relation between human being and
nature.
 Natural morality has been prevalent in all primitive cultures, such
as that of the Native American, and in cultures of the Far East.
iii. Individuality:
 Morality refers to individuals in relation to them-selves and to an
individual code of morality that may or may not be sanctioned by
any society or religion.
 It allows for a “higher morality,” which can be found within the
individual rather than beyond this world in some supernatural
realm.
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 1.Developing the concepts of morality
iv. Society:
Morality determined by relation between human being and
society.
It is probably the most important aspect of morality; in that it cuts
across all of the other aspects and is found in more ethical
systems than any of the others.
For a majority of ethicists, the most important human moral issues
arise when human beings come together in social groups and
begin to conflict with one another.
Even though the Jewish and Christian ethical systems, for
example, importune human beings to love and obey God, both
faiths, in all of their divisions and sects, have a strong social
7 message.
 1.Developing the concepts of morality
b. Who is morally responsible?
Should only human beings be held morally responsible?
 Humans have a moral sense because their biological makeup
determines the presence of three necessary conditions for
ethical behavior:
i. The ability to anticipate the consequences of one's own actions;
ii. The ability to make value judgments; and
iii. The ability to choose between alternative courses of action.
Are all animals non-moral? Is domesticating animals’ moral?
As long as you think it is acceptable to kill and eat animals, the
more abstract argument about domesticating animals to use as
“pets” is not likely to resonate.
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 1.Developing the concepts of morality
Domestication is morally wrong but they are here now
and they need our care.
Their lives are as important to them as our lives are to
us.
Example, are Dolphin’s moral? Some animals are
capable of responding to moral motivations due to
their sophisticated cognitive abilities
- such as elephants, cetaceans (whales and dolphins)
and primates - and are capable of feeling things like
empathy, compassion, pain and loss of a loved one.
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 1.Developing the concepts of morality
c. Where does Morality come from?
Morality can be considered as having a subjective or objective origin.
 As objective there are three possibilities for the origin of value:
i. Values are given by a supernatural being.
ii. Values are part of the fabric of nature.
iii. Values are part of the ‘furniture’ of the world, independently of
human beings.
These possible explanations of the origin of values are expressed in
the ‘supernatural theory’, the theory of ‘natural law’ and ‘objectivism’.

 As subjective, the origin of value is related to human beings. Without

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human beings, subjectivist theorists argue, there would be no value.
 1.Developing the concepts of morality
1.1.2 Forms of Morality
We can separate morality into two forms:
i. Customary/Traditional morality:
 Traditional morality refers to the moral systems handed down
through custom from generation to generation.
 We might call this static morality
ii. Reflective morality:
 Reflective morality requires that moral ideas are carefully
examined and tested.
 Traditional morality can become reflective and dynamic when
those moral ideas that are simply handed down and accepted
11 are subjected to analysis and criticism.
 1.Developing the concepts of morality
1.1.3 The relation between Morality with Law and Religion
Morality also overlaps with Law and Religion but shouldn’t be
confused with them.
i. Morality and law.
 Morality and law are not the same although of course they
overlap.
 Law might be thought of as a public codification of morality for
a culture, although certain laws in that system, or even the
system itself, might be deemed immoral, e.g., apartheid.
 Law is not a necessary attribute of morality although morality
may well be thought to be a necessary attribute of law.
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 1.Developing the concepts of morality
ii. Morality and religion.
Is morality dependent upon religion?
 Morality need not be based exclusively on religion for
five reasons.
Supernatural existence cannot be proven.
Non-religious people can be moral.
Religious foundation for ethics is difficult to establish.
No religion would be best ethically
We could not show that one religion is best

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 1.Developing the concepts of morality
iii. Why should human beings be moral?
Enlightened self-interest – I will be better off
Tradition and law – best to do because some
authority says so
Shared human needs,-goals, desires and
objectives
 Generally, morality deals with humans and
how they relate to others and the world
14 around them.
 1.Developing the concepts of morality
1.1.4 Purpose of morality
The purpose of morality is constituted in the five
purposes to:
 Keep society from falling apart;
 Ameliorate human suffering;
 Promote human flourishing;
 Resolve conflict of interest justly and orderly
Assign praise, blame, reward, punishment and
guilt
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 1.Developing the concepts of morality
2. Identifying Moral Principles
2.1 Moral principles
 Moral principles are principles based on reason and
rationality.
 They guide us on what we should do, what qualities
we should nourish, and what kind of lives we
should look for.
 Moreover, the application of moral principles should
not be limited to a specific society or culture.
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 1.Developing the concepts of morality
2.1.1 Types of Moral Principles
There are two types of moral principles:
absolute and relative.
Moral absolutism is an ethical view that certain
actions are intrinsically right or wrong.
Moral relativism believes there are no absolute
rules to what are right or wrong, and that moral
principles can change depending on the
situation.
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 1.Developing the concepts of morality
i. Absolute Moral Principles
Absolute moral principles are based on universal truths about the
nature of human beings.
For example, murder is wrong because it goes against the natural
order of things.
These are also sometimes called normative moral principles, or
those that are generally accepted by society.
 Below are some examples of absolute moral principles:
 Don't kill.
 Speak the truth.
 Be careful with what you say and do to others.
 Respect the property of others.

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ii. Relative Moral Principles
Relative moral principles are based on opinions and circumstances that
may change over time or from person to person or for different situations.
Relative moral principles depend on a person's beliefs.
Relativism is to what people perceive as good or bad in relation to
themselves.
In other words, when someone says something is good, in most cases
they are really saying it is good for them, or perhaps it contributes to
their well-being. Below are some examples of relative moral principles
including:
It is morally wrong to spend money on a luxury item.
It is morally right to care for our planet and preserve it for future
generations.
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2.1.2 Impacts of Moral Principles
 Moral principles are important for society because they
help people learn how to get along and live well with
each other.
 They teach us that all human beings deserve the same
rights, which is why it's not okay to discriminate
against someone based on their ethnicity or race.
 People who follow moral principles also tend to have a
better quality of life than those who don't.
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 1.Developing the concepts of morality
In general, moral principles are beneficial both to
society and the individual person.
However, blindly following moral principles without
considering their origin or using your judgment based
on the situation can be problematic.
The best course of action is usually to adhere to a set
of moral principles that align with your beliefs and
society as a whole but to also consider each situation
individually and weigh the cost of adhering to your
morals in terms of its impact on other individuals.
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2.1.3 Ways to Develop Good Moral Principles
There are various ways to develop moral principles that transcend
culture, religion, and country.
However, there are also many practical steps a person can take to
develop good moral principles:
Think about what you would do when faced with an ethical
dilemma and why you would make those decisions.
Ask yourself what you think is right or wrong and make sure that
your actions are in line with those thoughts.
Watch out for double standards, like being nice to one person while
not being so kind to another.
If it helps, write down a list of moral principles and post them
22where they're easy to see, like on a mirror or in your workspace.
 1.Developing the concepts of morality
2.1.4 Moral Characters in School or College
Moral (character) education, then, encompasses deliberate efforts
to help the young learn, practice, and apply moral virtues and
character habits that will help them individually live good lives –
and at the same time become productive, contributing citizens.
Examples of Legal judgments of good moral character at school
or college can include consideration of honesty, trustworthiness,
diligence, reliability, respect for the law, integrity, candour,
discretion, observance of fiduciary duty, and respect for the rights
of others, absence of hatred and racism, fiscal responsibility,
mental and emotional stability
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1.Developing the concepts of morality
2.1.5 Practice of morality in the work place
Morality, whatever else may be said about it, is about things over which we
have control that lead to bettering human life.
It is different in every society, and is a convenient term for socially apply
habits.
Moral is how your employees feel about coming to work every day, how they
approach their assigned tasks, and their attitude about the direction the
company is taking.
Put simply, employee morale is the culmination of job satisfaction, life
outlook, and attitude.
Having moral character in the workplace helps you to become the type of
leader who inspires your employees.
It keeps you in tune with their needs and gives you the urge to reward them
favourably for their accomplishments. Employees with good morals set a
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positive example for their co-workers.
1.Developing the concepts of morality
3.1 The Similarity and Difference between Ethics and Morality
 Violation of morality brings social and religious condemnation or
guilt of conscience that ache you inside.
 Therefore, your morality is a general reflection showing to what
extent you are attached to the generally accepted behavior or
norms of the society.
 Ethics refers to the well-founded standards of a society about
what is “right” and “wrong”,
 usually in terms of rights, obligations, and benefits to the
society, fairness, or specific virtues such as like honesty,
compassion, and loyalty.
 All these things are considered ethical because they are
25 supported by well-founded reasons.
1.Developing the concepts of morality
3.1.1 The similarity between ethics and morality
The similarity between ethics and morality are as follows:
When ethics represents the judgment of right and wrong, Morality helps
support it by refinements.
Ethics studies the behavior, and Morality provides the practical guidance of
that behavior.
Both the terms are used to indicate a fine line between what activities
should be considered good and what should be considered bad.
Both ethics and morality work side by side to make the learning of good
activities faster.
Both concepts help any individual to be a better person.
Both these qualities are desirable for a person.
Both the terms are interconnected in the way that Morality helps keep alive
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the essence of ethics and its value.
 3.1.2 The difference between ethics and morality
The difference between ethics and morality is explained here in detail .
Basis for Comparison Morals Ethics

Meaning Morals are the beliefs of the individual or group as to what is right Ethics are the guiding principles which help the individual
or wrong. or group to decide what is good or bad.

What is it? General principles set by group Response to a specific situation

Root word Mos which means custom Ethitos which means character

Governed By Social and cultural norms Individual or Legal and Professional norms

Deals with Principles of right and wrong Right and wrong conduct

Applicability in Business No (legally not to be obligated) Yes (legality is applied)

Consistency Morals may differ from society to society and culture to culture. Ethics are generally uniform.

Expression Morals are expressed in the form of general rules and statements. Ethics are abstract.

Freedom to think and choose No Yes

Perspective seen from the perspective of an individual. dependent on the prism of others

Change Change in Morality depends on the change in the beliefs of an there will be some degree of flexibility in ethics when there
individual is change

Course of action a person believes that it is the right course of action. society has decided that it is the right course of action

Belief has a religious connotation usually associated in the field of law, medicine or business
27 and d religious connotation
1.Developing the concepts of morality
4.1 Describing Virtues
Virtues mean goodness or the state of being good.
An example of goodness is volunteering to serve meals at a
homeless shelter.
Virtues are also attitudes or character that enables us to be
and to act in ways that develop our highest potential.
They enable us to pursue the ideals we have adopted.
 Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity,
fairness, self-control, and prudence are all examples of
virtues.
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1.Developing the concepts of morality
4.1.1 Types of Virtues
A. Moral virtue:
Moral virtue is the disposition or tendency to do the right thing
and avoid doing wrong.
We develop this disposition over time and through training.
 In other words, a good character is an achievement, not a
natural endowment.
 “Doing right” becomes second nature to us, if we have
developed our moral character properly.
We must strive to achieve a virtuous character, and we do this by
constantly practicing the virtues and thereby developing a good
29character.
 1.Developing the concepts of morality
The four fundamental moral virtues are courage, temperance,
justice and prudence.
A courageous person shows just the right amount of bravery
and displays a virtuous character.
Only reason can tell us what is exactly the right amount of
bravery, and once it does, a person must practice and
develop the virtue of courage so that acting courageously
becomes habitual.
There are also other moral virtues include: trustworthiness,
honesty, generosity, civility, sincerity, gentleness, reliability,
warmth, dependability, cooperativeness, empathy, tact,
30 kindness, tolerance, benevolence, etc.
1.Developing the concepts of morality
B. Civic Virtues:
Civic virtue is an important concept in many contemporary societies, and it
has been for a long time. Essentially, civic virtue means that individuals
have a duty to their communities and their societies that they should place
above their own desires.
4. 1.2 Important Civic Virtue Characteristics
There are a number of important civic virtue characteristics that must be
understood to get a full picture of what civic virtue is and how it works in
practice. These include:
1.Self-sacrifice: Putting the needs of a community over one's own needs is
one of the most deeply rooted parts of civic virtue.
2. Participation: Participation in government and in the community is part
of what makes one a good citizen.
3. Doing one's part: The idea of civic virtue is that each individual has their own duties
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that help make society function as well as possible.
1.Developing the concepts of morality
Cooperation: Being a cooperative member of society, obeying the law, and
working well with others are some of the things that proponents of civic
virtue promote
Civility: is a social virtue that is indispensable to open political discourse
and reasoned disagreement. A civil person is willing to engage others in
respectful dialogue without scorn or insult, even when the issues are
intensely important or disagreement runs deep.
Compassion is the ability to feel sorrow over another person’s suffering,
and to express that sorrow in a way that is intended to alleviate that
suffering.
Fairness is a central virtue both for individuals and for social institutions.
Fairness is characterized by impartiality (a lack of favoritism).
Ethics Virtue: Virtue of Ethics claims that the main task of ethics is to give
us knowledge of what is the right type of person, or what is a “good” person.
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1.Developing the concepts of morality
The six pillars that they identified as being the most
important characteristics of an ethical virtue are:
i. Trustworthiness. Includes integrity, promise-keeping, and
loyalty.
ii. Respect. Treating everyone with respect, regardless of any
biases or provocations.
iii. Responsibility. Includes accountability, pursuit of excellence,
and self-restraint.
iv. Justice and fairness. Includes equity and demonstrating due
process.
v. Caring. Showing concern for others. Showing consideration for
decisions that affect others.
vi. Civic virtue and citizenship. Being socially conscious.
33 Demonstrating concern for one’s community.
1.Developing the concepts of morality
C. Physical virtue:
 Physical Virtues include speed, strength, coordination,
and so on.
D. Social virtue:
 Concerned with society with our relationships with our
fellow members, it is dealing with wealth and
expenditures, honor and reputation, humor and anger,
since the ways in which we handle these activities,
goods, and emotions either enhance or disrupt human
34life on the individual and communal levels.
1.Developing the concepts of
morality
E. Intellectual virtues:
Are the virtues of understanding.
We all have the ability to perceive Truth, but some refine
this ability into a virtue.
 Intellectual virtues include the effective use of language,
logical reasoning, and the ability to identify likenesses and
differences, and so on.
The cardinal intellectual virtue is wisdom.
F. Spiritual virtues
 can be summarized by the words “Faith, hope, and love”
35 oriented towards God.
 Table 2. Samples of Virtues

Physical Social Virtues Civic Virtues Ethical / Moral Virtues Spiritual Intellectual
Virtues Practical virtue Virtue
Virtues

The Ends: The Ends: The Ends: The Ends: The Ends: The Ends: The Ends:
objective Health of responsible Health of Moral moral sprite Understanding
Physical Relationships personality Action Happiness the logic
Health (Ethics)
Fitness Friendship Self-sacrifice Duty Justice Faith Wisdom

Beauty Empathy / Fairness Prudence / Wisdom Hope

Sympathy Resolution

Strength Good Will civility Humility Temperance Love

/cooperation

Wealth Cooperation / Compassion Honor Courage

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Competition
 1.Developing the concepts of morality
5.1 Applying Moral Values in Work Place
Moral values are relative values that protect life and are
respectful of the dual life value of self and others.
The great moral values, such as truth, freedom, charity,
etc., have one thing in common.
 When they are functioning correctly, they are life
protecting or life enhancing for all. But they are still relative
values.
 Our relative moral values must be constantly examined to
make sure that they are always performing their life-
protecting mission.
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5.1.1 Common Core Moral Values Descriptions for the
Workplace
I . Autonomy
The ability to work in a way that is most conducive to
performing at your best is something both you and the
company may value.
 As an employee, you may want to feel empowered to make
decisions and take action.
Many companies prefer to give you the flexibility to work at
your own pace and in your own way as long as you continue
to meet satisfactory performance standards.
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 1.Developing the concepts of morality
ii. Integrity
Valuing integrity in the workplace means that you strive to do the right
thing, even when you think no one is looking.
You may also value honesty, transparency and a commitment to doing
what’s best for your clients, customers, teammates and company.
iii. Innovation
Challenge yourself to see what’s possible to better meet the
needs of your team, your customers and your company.
You are a work in progress, striving to improve and do better.
Think of creative ways to solve tough problems.
Take calculated risks.
Finding new ways to solve a problem moves the company.

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iv. Growth
Many people and companies believe that the growth of a company
comes with the professional growth of the team.
 Valuing growth means that you have to drive to continuously
improve both yourself and the business.
Growth is based on mutual success.
v. Service
Being service-minded or customer-oriented means that you care
about providing a quality experience to the clients you serve.
This value can also extend to include supporting your community
and your team.
Valuing service means that you aim to provide a meaningful
40 experience to the people you serve and support.
 1.Developing the concepts of morality
5.1.2 Values of moral judgments
Moral judgments are evaluations or opinions formed as to
whether some action or inaction, intention, motive,
character trait, or a person as a whole is (more or less)
good or bad as measured against some standard of Good.
Object of Moral Judgment
A moral judgement as distinguished from a factual
judgement is a judgement upon the action of an individual
that can be evaluated as good or bad, right or wrong.
 Obviously, it is a judgement upon the voluntary action of
the individual.
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Some Requirements to make Moral Judgement in the Work Place
i. Actions
Moral judgements are not passed upon all kinds of action, but only upon
conduct.
But conduct or willed action has two aspects.
It is will and it is action, it involves
ii. Intensions
Intention is the object of moral Judgement. It includes the motive or the
idea of the end as well as the idea of the means.
 An action is good if its intention is good, in other words, if the end as
well as the means adopted is good.
The end never justifies the means.
Thus the motive alone does not determine the moral quality of an
42 action.
 1.Developing the concepts of morality
iii. Situations
The possibility to make judgments as to how one ought to act in
concrete situations requires antecedent moral principles.
 In the absence of such principles there is no rational basis for
making such judgments.
The possibility to make judgments as to how one ought to act in
concrete situations implies:
The situations about which we make such judgments must
already have moral significance independently of the principles
one may bring to bear upon them; and
The rightness or wrongness of one's actions in concrete
43 situations depends on this moral significance of situations.
 1.Developing the concepts of morality
iv. Character
Intention is not an isolated mental phenomenon.
 Intention is the expression of the character.
We pass moral judgments on the character of a person when we want to
determine his moral worth.
 But we do not determine the moral quality of an action by considering the
character of the agent, because a person of good character has not always a
good intention and similarly a person of bad character may not have
necessarily a bad intention always.
For example, People articulate a moral judgment when they say that an action
is right or wrong, that a person is good or bad, or that a situation is just or
unjust.
Athletes frequently make moral judgments about moral issues that arise in
44 sports, and such judgments have been investigated by sport psychologists.
 1.Developing the concepts of morality
6.1 Culture
Culture is a broad term that encompasses various unique ways of
doing things in a certain society.
It can be divided as material and immaterial culture. Material
culture includes clothes, household utensils, tools, houses and
ornaments.
The immaterial/non material culture includes language, beliefs,
values and norms.
i. The relation between morality and culture
Culture reflects the moral and ethical beliefs and standards that
speak to how people should behave and interact with others.
They act as prescriptions for correct and moral behavior, lend
meaning and coherence to life, and provide a means of achieving
45
a sense of integrity, safety, and belonging.
 1.Developing the concepts of morality

ii. The difference between morality and culture

Normative ethical relativism theory says that the moral rightness and
wrongness of actions varies from society to society and that there are
no absolute universal moral standards binding on all men at all times.
 Each culture establishes the basic values and principles that serve as
the foundation for morality
iii. Diverse cultural groups
Despite various styles, unique ways of getting things done, it is however,
important to treat all cultures equally.
 Because, having cultural diversity means having different dressing
styles, traditional foods, cultural dances etc.

46 making; for example, Ethiopia beautiful and interesting country
 1.Developing the concepts of morality
6.1.1 Elements of work place culture
Culture is fairly nebulous and subjective but culture comprises a few
specific elements: artifacts, stories, rituals, heroes, symbols, beliefs,
attitudes and values.
1. Artefacts
Are physical items found to have particular symbolism for a company.
 This could include an early product line or the napkin that comprised
the original idea for the company.
Artefacts remind us of things created from an earlier time.
2. Stories
Culture is often disseminated through stories about past events and
people.
These stories could be true or elaborations on a nugget of truth.
47
The story might be of heroism or just plain luck.
 1.Developing the concepts
of morality
3. Rituals
Rituals are the repeated actions your company takes.
These actions might be cantered on ceremonies, such as a
promotion or a retirement.
They may also be associated with employee celebrations,
such as the release of a new product or the closing of a large
sale, or they might be companywide, like the annual holiday
party.
The predictability of the rituals and the depth of their
meaning combined to help keep organizational culture strong.

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4. Heroes
Heroes are the folks other employees look to emulate.
These folks could be anyone throughout the
organization, from the founders to new hires.
 A hero might be a customer success representative
who went out of his or her way to delight a customer or
the programmer who spent a little extra time to make
the latest release contain one fewer bug.
These people symbolize and teach others the ideal
49behaviours and norms of the workplace culture.
 1.Developing the concepts of morality
5. Symbols
Cultural symbols can be found throughout an organization,
from how people greet one another to the clothes each
person wears.
 Symbols can indicate status and trigger certain behaviours.
 A military uniform is full of symbols.
It tells others who salute first and the importance of the
person wearing it.
 An office's decor is also filled with symbols.
The style of furniture, items hung and even the colour of the
walls all contribute to telling everyone more about the people
50 who inhabit it.
1.Developing the concepts of morality
6. Beliefs
People within organizations will often have shared beliefs. These beliefs unify the
group's understanding of the world and provide a foundation for action.
This can smooth out communication between subgroups but can also become a
blinder if not checked.
7. Attitudes
Is your organization laid back, rigid, direct or political? Attitudes are the external
manifestations of underlying beliefs that people use to signal to others’ said beliefs.
How do people within your organization treat one another? Are people open to
change and new ideas or is there a rigorous hierarchy that dictates the attitudes of
individuals?
8. Values
Values are the rules that everyone agrees to abide by within the group, and these
can be seen throughout all of the other elements of culture.
 Cultural values shouldn’t just be a list that is framed sitting next to the bathrooms;
51they should be lived and used to make decisions.
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6.2 Multiculturalism
• It is the view that cultures, races, and ethnicities,
particularly those of minority groups, deserve
special acknowledgment of their differences
within a dominant political culture.
• That acknowledgment can take the forms of
recognition of contributions to the cultural life of
the political community as a whole, a demand for
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special protection under the law for certain
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6.2.1 Cultural diversity
Culture is considered to be the underlying values that direct
how people behave.
 Cultural diversity in the workplace is a result of practices,
values, traditions, or beliefs of employees based on race, age,
ethnicity, religion, or gender.
Economic globalization is one of the driving forces of cultural
diversity in the workplace.
The modern workforce is made up of people of different
genders, ages, ethnicity, religions, and nationalities.
Employers have realized that workforce diversity provides both
53material and intangible benefits.
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6.2.2 Types of diversity
Diversity in the workforce refers to specific groups of people who
have typically experienced discrimination.
To help these employees’ overcome barriers at work, many
companies have created diversity and inclusion programs.
When you think about diversity, it can mean a lot of things. Here are
just some of the different types of diversity in the workplace.
1. Race – Race is may be one of the first things you think of when you
think about diversity.
 Employees of colour have often faced challenges — getting hired,
being accepted by the co-workers, receiving fair compensation.
2. Education – Not everyone’s path to employment is the same.
Having a mix of educational backgrounds is a huge asset to an
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organization, but can also create conflict.
 1.Developing the concepts of morality
3. Ethnicity – As the workforce becomes more and more global,
ethnic diversity might bring about language barriers or cultural
differences in how business is carried out.
4. Gender – According to the World Economic Forum, it will take
208 years to reach gender equality in the U.S.
Cultural diversity in the workplace also applies to gender.
5. Religion – Religious diversity can impact your staff’s dress,
dietary requirements, and request for particular days off.
6. Workers with disabilities – Diversity in the workplace also
applies to workers with disabilities. Whether impairments from
vision, learning, or mental health, diversity comes in many ways.
As a result, companies need to ensure that their diversity and
inclusion programs recognize and make provision for the wide
55 spectrum of disabilities.
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6.2.3 Challenges of multiculturalism
There are two primary objections to multiculturalism.
One is that multiculturalism privileges the good of certain groups
over the common good, thereby potentially eroding the common
good in favour of a minority interest.
National unity could become impossible if people see themselves
as members of ethnic or racial groups rather than as citizens of a
common country.
 The second is that multiculturalism undermines the notion of
equal individual rights, thereby weakening the political value of
equal treatment.
Equal individual rights could be set aside or deprecated in favour
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of rights that are possessed by the group
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6.2.4 Workplace Issues Involving Cultural Diversity
Every company that’s emerged as a positive example of cultural diversity
has faced issues in relation to facilitating people from different groups to
work cohesively.
 HR personnel and the company’s leadership should be responsive to these
issues.
The following are some diversity workplace issues that you might need to
address:
1.Conflict –
 This occurs when discrimination, prejudice, lack of respect, and racism
are allowed to fester in a workplace.
 Intolerant attitudes can turn into open conflict if companies don’t take the

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correct steps to show that any type of discrimination won’t be tolerated.
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2. Harassment – Training should be provided as to what constitutes
harassment.
Employees who harass others should be dealt with according to company
procedures.
Like all the other issues arising from diversity in the workplace, harassment
can have a devastating effect on employees and the company as a whole.
Uber is an example of a company that has suffered damage as a result of
harassment claims.
3. Disregarding needs – Some companies ignore the needs of disabled
employees by failing to provide them with the necessary equipment to
access all facilities and to undertake their jobs.
 Employers need to lead the way in creating a comfortable workplace for all
of its employees, irrespective of whether they have a disability.
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6.2.5 Managing Diversity in the Workplace
The issues around a diverse workplace can be managed and
mitigated if employers take active steps to ensure that their
companies are recognized for tolerance and acceptance.
Here are some tips for managing diversity in the
workplace:
1. Create written policies – Companies should include their
policy in relation to diversity in their employee handbook.
 The policy should contain information about non-
discrimination laws, the code of conduct, and the
59 compensation and benefits policy.
1.Developing the concepts of morality

2. Provide sensitivity training – Employees should be provided with

sensitivity training to create a better workplace culture. Sensitivity
training can help employees to value views that are different,
understand words, and actions that cause offense and what needs to be
done if they’ve been offended.
3. Create an accountability plan
Use regular surveys to check in on your progress, and have a plan in
place for how you’re going to ensure staff upholds these policies.
4. Address micro-aggressions
Micro-aggressions are “thinly veiled, everyday instances of racism,
homophobia, sexism (and more) that you see in the world.
5. Impose a zero-tolerance policy – After employees have received the
handbook and training about diversity issues, the company needs to set
the tone about how violations will be dealt with. Employees should be
aware that inappropriate behaviour will not be tolerated and every
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reported incident will be taken seriously.