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    Chapter 1 Introduction To Organic Chemistry

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    Chapter 1 Introduction To Organic Chemistry

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    Chapter 1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry

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    7 views32 pages

    Chapter 1 Introduction To Organic Chemistry

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    CHAPTER 1

    INTRODUCTION
    TO ORGANIC
    CHEMISTRY
    SUBTOPICS
    1.1 Structural Formulas
    1.2 Functional Groups and Homologous Series
    1.3 Classification of Carbon and Hydrogen Atoms
    1.4 Isomerism
    1.5 Bond Cleavage
    LEARNING OUTCOMES
     At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
    1. Draw and interpret displayed, condensed, and skeletal structures of organic molecules.
    2. Identify functional groups and homologous series
    3. Classify carbon and hydrogen atoms
    4. Differentiate between structural and stereoisomers with examples.
    5. Understand bond cleavage types (homolytic and heterolytic) in organic reactions.
    ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
     Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that focuses on the study of
    carbon-containing compounds.
     These compounds often contain other elements like hydrogen, oxygen,
    nitrogen, and halogens,
     CARBON is the key element that forms the backbone of organic molecules .
    CHEMICAL
     MOLECULAR FORMULA FORMULA
     EMPIRICAL FORM
     STRUCTURAL FORMULA
    1.1 STRUCTURAL
    FORMULA
    STRUCTURAL FORMULA
    Displayed (EXPANDED) Structural (CONDENSED) Skeletal
     Show the way how atom are  Does not show the single bond of  Does not show carbon and hydrogen
    attached to each other alkyl group atom of alkyl but functional group
     A bond pair is represented by line  Brackets and subscripts are used for are shown
    repeating or substituents group  The bond represented by lines in zig
    zag form
    Eg : C4H10

    Eg : C3H6

    CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3
    C4H10
    DISPLAYED :

    STRUCTURAL :

    SKELETAL :
    C3H6
    DISPLAYED :

    STRUCTURAL :

    SKELETAL :
    1.2 FUNCTIONAL
    GROUPS
    AND HOMOLOGOUS
    SERIES
    FUNCTIONAL GROUP
     Def : An atom or group of atom which characterizes the molecule and
    determine its chemical properties
     Molecules with the same functional group are considered to be in the same
    homologous series
     Example : CH3OH and CH3CH2CH2OH
     Homologous series is series of compounds with same functional group,
    each members differs from the next member by a CH2 (alkyl) unit
    Homologous series Functional group Naming Example

    Alkane -ane

    Alkene -ene

    Alcohol -ol

    Aldehyde -al

    Ketone -one

    Carboxylic acid -oic acid

    Ester -ate

    Amine -amine

    Amide -amide

    Acyl chloride -oyl chloride


    FUNCTIONAL GROUP
    HOMOLOGOUS FUNCTIONAL NAMING EXAMPLE
    SERIES GROUP
    ALKANE

    ALKENE

    ALCOHOL
    FUNCTIONAL GROUP
    HOMOLOGOUS FUNCTIONAL NAMING EXAMPLE
    SERIES GROUP
    ALDEHYDE

    KETONE

    CARBOXYLIC
    ACID
    FUNCTIONAL GROUP
    HOMOLOGOUS FUNCTIONAL NAMING EXAMPLE
    SERIES GROUP
    ESTER

    AMINE

    AMIDE

    ACYL CHLORIDE
    EXERCISE
    1. Draw expanded structure and skeletal structure for the following compounds:
    i. HOCH2CH(CH3)CH2COCH3
    ii. (CH3)3CCH2NH2
    1. Draw the structural formula for compound below :
    i. An aldehyde (C5H10O)
    ii. A ketone (C4H8O)
    iii. A carboxylic acid (C3H6O2)
    iv. An amine (C5H13N)
    v. An alcohol (C2H6O)
    1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF
    CARBON AND
    HYDROGEN ATOMS
    CLASSIFICATION OF CARBON ATOM

    CLASS DEFINITION EXAMPLE

    PRIMARY • The carbon atom bonded to one


    carbon atom

    SECONDARY • The carbon bonded to two other


    carbon atoms

    TERTIARY • The carbon bonded to three


    other carbon atoms

    QUARTENARY • The carbon bonded to four other


    carbon atoms
    CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROGEN ATOM
     There are 1o, 2o and 3o hydrogen atoms depending on the type of carbon
    bonded to it.
     Example :
    1.4 ISOMERISM
    ISOMERISM

    Chain isomer

    Positional isomer

    Functional Group
    isomer
    STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM
    Chain Isomer Positional Isomer Functional Isomer
     Different carbon skeleton but  Have a substituent  Same molecular formula,
    they possess the same functional group/functional group attached different in functional group
    group to a different position of carbon  CnH2n – alkene & cycloalkane
     CnH2n+2O – alcohol & ether
     CnH2nO – aldehyde & ketone
     CnH2nO2 – carboxylic acids & ester

    Eg : C4H10 Eg : C3H7OH Eg : C2H6O


    CHAIN ISOMER
    C4H10
    POSITIONAL ISOMER
    C3H7OH
    FUNCTIONAL ISOMER
    C2H 6O
    STEREOISOMERISM
     Def : have same molecular formula and same bonding arrangement among atoms
    but different from each other in the spatial orientations of groups in the molecule.
    Cis-trans isomer Optical isomer
     Carbon-carbon double bond (C=C)  Isomers are called enantiomers
     Important requirement – there are different  Important requirement – molecules must have at
    atoms or group of atoms at the same C=C/ least one chirality centre – carbon which s
    carbon does not hold identical group bonded to 4 different atoms / groups
     Isomers that are optically active – exist as mirror
    image

     Eg : CH3CH=CHCH3  Eg : CH3CH(OH)COOH
    CIS-TRANS ISOMER
    OPTICAL ISOMER
    1.5 BOND CLEAVAGE
    BOND CLEAVAGE
     All chemical reaction involve bond breaking/cleavage
    Homolytic Heterolytic
     Breaking of covalent bond between same  Involves of two atoms with different
    atom electronegativity
     Endothermic process – energy is absorbed  Breaking of polar covalent bonds, whereby both
    to break the covalent bonds of bonding electron pair goes to the more
     Energy is provided by sunlight electronegative atom
     Product : free radical particles  Product : anion (nucleophile) and cation
    (electrophile)
    EXERCISE
    1. Identify the functional group and name the homologous series present in the following
    compound

    2. Circle the chiral centre for compound below.


    i. CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3
    ii. CH3CH=CHCH(OH)CH3
    iii. CH3COCH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3

    3. State the type of isomerism shown by CH 3CH=CHCH(Cl)CH3. Draw diagram to represent the
    isomers.

    4. Draw structural formula of all possible structural isomers shown by a compound with
    molecular formula C4H8

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