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Chapter (3)

Section 2:- Structure of Atoms


Subatomic Particles

• Experiments by several scientists in the mid-1800s led to the


first change to Dalton’s atomic theory. Scientists discovered
that atoms can be broken into pieces after all.

• The smaller parts that make up atoms are called “subatomic


particles”.

• The three subatomic particles that are most important for


chemistry are:-
1. electron (-)
Proton
neutron.
• Like charges Repel
• Unlike charges attract.
• + + Repel
• + _ Attract
• North pole(+) North pole Repel
• South pole (-)
Electrons Were Discovered Using (Cathode Rays)

• J. J. Thomson pumped of the air out of a glass tube. He


applied a voltage to two metal plates, called electrodes, which
were placed at either end of the tube.
• One electrode, called the anode, was attached to the positive
terminal of the voltage source, so it had a positive charge.
• The other electrode, called a cathode, had a negative charge
because it was attached to the negative terminal of the
voltage source.
Electrons Were Discovered Using Cathode Rays (continued)

• Thomson observed a glowing beam that came


out of the cathode and struck the anode and
the nearby glass walls of the tube.
• He called these rays cathode rays.
• The glass tube Thomson used is known as a
cathode-ray tube (CRT).
• CRTs are used in television sets, computer monitors, and radar
displays.
An Electron Has a Negative Charge

• Because the cathode ray came from the


negatively charged cathode, Thomson
reasoned that the ray was negatively charged.
An Electron Has a Negative Charge
• Thomson’s experiments showed that a cathode ray consists of
particles that have mass and a negative charge.
• These particles are called electrons.
-Electron:-
is a subatomic particle that has a negative electric charge.

• Electrons are negatively charged, but atoms have no charge.

• Atoms contain some positive charges that


balance the negative charges of the electrons.
Thomson’s Model of the Atom

• Thomson proposed that the electrons of an


atom were embedded in a positively charged
ball of matter. His model of an atom was
named the “plum-pudding model”.
Rutherford Discovers the Nucleus

• Ernest Rutherford performed the gold foil experiment, which disproved


the plum-pudding model of the atom.

• A beam of small, positively charged particles, called alpha particles, was


directed at a thin gold foil.

• Rutherford found that most of the alpha particles shot at the foil passed
straight through the foil. But very few were deflected, in some cases
backward.
Rutherford Discovers the Nucleus (continued)

• Rutherford reasoned that only a very concentrated


positive charge in a tiny space, called the nucleus,
within the gold atom could repel the fast-moving,
alpha particles enough to reverse the alpha
particles’ direction.

• Rutherford argued that the reason most of the


alpha particles were undeflected, was that most
parts of the atoms in the gold foil were empty
space.
Gold Foil Experiment on the Atomic Level
The Nucleus
• The nucleus is the dense, central portion of the atom.

• The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons.

• The nucleus has all of the positive charge, nearly all of


the mass.
Proton and Neutrons Compose the Nucleus

Protons:-
Are the subatomic particles that have a positive charge and that is found in
the nucleus of an atom.

• The number of protons of the nucleus is the atomic number, which


determines the identity of an element.

• Because protons and electrons have equal but opposite charges, a neutral
atom must contain equal numbers of protons and electrons.

Neutrons:-
Are the subatomic particles that have no charge and that is found in the
nucleus of an atom.
Properties of a Proton and a Neutron
Atomic Number Is the Number of Protons of the Nucleus

Atomic number:-
• Is the number of protons that an atom.
• The atomic number is the same for all atoms of an element.
• Because each element has a unique number of protons in its
atomic no two elements have the same atomic number.
Calculating Atomic Number
Example (1):-
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1 because the nucleus of each hydrogen
atom has one proton.

• Atomic numbers are always whole numbers.

• The atomic number also reveals the number of electrons in an atom of an


element.

• For atoms to be neutral, the number of negatively charged electrons must


equal the number of positively charged protons.
Example (2):-
• The atomic number for oxygen tells you that the oxygen atom has 8
protons and 8 electrons.
Mass Number Is the Number of Particles of the Nucleus

Mass number:-
Is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons
in the nucleus of an atom.

-You can calculate the number of neutrons by:-


mass number – atomic number = number of neutrons

-Unlike the atomic number, the mass number can


vary among atoms of a single element.
Calculating Mass Number
Example (1):- a particular atom of neon has a
mass number of 20.
Because the atomic number for an atom of neon is
10, neon has 10 protons.

number of protons and neutrons (mass number) = 20


 number of protons (atomic number) = 10
number of neutrons = 10
Calculating Mass Number
Example (2):-
The neon atom has 10 protons, 10 electrons,
and 10 neutrons. The mass number is 20.
Mass Number
Determining the Number of Particle In An Atom

Sample Problem (A):-


How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are
present in an atom of copper whose atomic
number is 29 and whose mass number is 64?
Atomic Structures Can Be Represented by Symbols

• The atomic number always appears on the lower left side of


the symbol.
1H 2He 3Li 4Be 5B

• Mass numbers are written on the upper left side of the


symbol.
1
H 2H 3He 4He 6Li 7Li 9Be 10B 11B

• Both numbers may be written with the symbol.


1 4 7 9 11
1H 2He 3Li 4 Be 5B

• An element may be represented by more than one


1 4 3
notation. 1H 2H 1H
Isotopes of an Element Have the Same Atomic Number

All atoms of an element have the same atomic number


and the same number of protons. Atoms do not
necessarily have the same number of neutrons.
Isotopes:-
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers
of neutrons are called

One standard method of identifying isotopes is to write


the mass number with a hyphen after the name of an
element.
helium-3
3
2 He or
or 4
helium-4
2He
Isotopes
• All isotopes of an element have the same atomic number.
However, their atomic masses are not the same because the
number of neutrons of the atomic nucleus of each isotope
varies.
Example:-
• The two stable helium isotopes are helium-3 and helium-4.
Isotopes
Sample Problem (B):-
Calculate the numbers of protons, electrons,
and neutrons in oxygen-17 and in oxygen-18,
Both have the same atomic No. 8.

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