ANIMAL

BEHAVIOUR
 LEARNING
01 BEHAVIOUR
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Definition and Imprinting

01 difference b/w
innate and
02 and
habituation
learning
behavior

Classic Latent
03 conditioning and
instrumental
04 learning and
insight
conditioning learning
DEFINITION
Learning is a process in which animals
modify their behavior as a result of
specific experiences from the
environment. It is not controlled by
genes like innate behaviorist is more
prominent in the animals that have long
life span and well developed nervous
system
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEARNING & INNATE BEHAVIOUR

INNATE LEARNING
InnateBEHAVIOUR
behavior is inherited come with the BEHAVIOUR
Learning behavior is acquired by
someone's birth knowledge/experience from society

It is reflex action of organism when exposed to It is learned or acquired behavior which is based on
stimulus knowledge or experience

It is permanent, cannot be modified and remains It can be modified by the experience and does not
same in the next generation remain same in the next generation.

It contributes in the survival and proper functioning It improves the behavioral traits in an organism to fit
of organism in a given situation

It is more common in those animals having short It is more common in those animals having long life
life span span

In this behaviour animal requires no time to adapt In this behavior animals requires more time to adapt
them them
It is a type of learning that
IMPRINTING
occurs at a specific, often
critical, period early in an
organism's life. For
example, newly hatched
ducklings will "imprint" on
the first moving object
they see, often their
mother, and will follow her
wherever she goes. In
some cases, they may
even imprint on a human
or inanimate object if they
are exposed to it shortly
after hatching.
It is a psychological
HABITUATION
phenomenon in which an
organism decreases its
response to a stimulus after
repeated exposure.
Essentially, it's a form of
learning where the subject
gets used to a stimulus and
stops reacting to it as strongly
over time. For example, if you
live next to a busy street, you
might initially be bothered by
the noise, but over time, you
become less sensitive to it
and eventually stop noticing it
as much.
 CLASSIC CONDITIONING

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus

becomes associated with an unconditioned
stimulus to produce a conditioned response.
EXAMPLE:
This experiment was developed by IVAN
PETROVICH PAVLOV.
He presented food to the dog and and rang bell
simultaneously.
-Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Food.
-Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Bell sound.
He observed that whenever he rang the bell
whether food is available or not the fog responds
to the bell.
 INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING

A type of learning in which behavior is

strengthened or weakened based on
consequences (rewards)
EXAMPLE:
The skinner box is developed by psychologist
B.F SKINNER
A rat placed in a Skinner box with a lever and
food dispenser.
The rat accidentally presses the lever → Food
released → Behavior reinforced.
The rat learns to press the lever repeatedly to
get food.
 LATENT LEARNING

Latent learning refers to the process by which knowledge is acquired without any
immediate demonstration of that knowledge or an obvious change in behavior. The
learned behavior only becomes apparent when there is some motivation or reason to
 INSIGHT LEARNING

Insight learning occurs when a person or animal suddenly understands how to solve a
problem or achieve a goal without any prior trial-and-error attempts. It involves an
"aha!" moment where the solution appears to come all at once.
 02
SOCIAL LEARNING
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Aggregation and
Territory,
01 animal societies
and hostile and
helpful
02 territory in
gorillas and
intraspecific territory in
interaction. baboons

Dominance Altruism and

03 hierarchy ,
pecking order of
04 altruism in the
organisation of
chicken and honeybee
Agonistic society.
behaviour.
 AGGREGATION AND ANIMAL SOCIETIES

AGGREGATION SOCIETIES
It is a simple group of animals The group of animals having
that may be together due to same species living together that
feeding, drinking, or mating have cooperative social
but do not interact relationships is called social
behaviorally
EXAMPLE: Fruit flies group orIndividual
EXAMPLE: society
hovering over the rotting members who exchange
fruits food, water etc.
Hostile and helpful intraspecific interaction

- It is seen in many social insects the

best interaction is honey bees. There
are three different caste if honey
✓ workers
✓ drones
✓ queen
-In hostile interaction the worker
become old and unable to perform
duties and then killed by other workers
but in helpful interaction they all work
together like workers and collect nectar
and convert into hone.
-Drones provide defense mechanism
and fertilize the eggs.
-Queen lay these eggs
 TERRITORY
A territory is an area
or home which is fixed
by animals. A
territorial animal uses
antagonistic behavior
to defend their
territory.
 TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOUR IN GORILLA’S

Gorilla's are non-territorial social mammals.

Gorillas live in groups known as troops, typically
led by a dominant silverback male. The
silverback is responsible for protecting the troop,
which consists of females, their offspring, and
sometimes subordinate males.

1. Home Range Defense: While gorillas do not

establish rigid, fixed territorial boundaries like
some other species, they do have home ranges
that they occupy and defend to some extent
2. Aggression Toward Intruders: Gorillas are
generally peaceful animals, but males may
become aggressive in defense of their troop.
3. Conflict and Fission-Fusion Dynamics:
Occasionally, younger males may leave their
natal groupand wander alone or form their own
groups. These males may challenge the
dominant silverback of another troop for control
 TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOUR IN BABOONS

Territorial behavior in baboons is complex

and varies depending on the species and
environment. While baboons are generally
not they do exhibit behaviors - that involve
defending their home range.

1. Home Range vs. Territory: Baboons tend to

have a "home range," which is an area they
regularly use for foraging, sleeping, and other
activities.
2. Resource Defense: Baboons may exhibit
territorial-like behavior when it comes to
defending specific resources such as a watering
hole, food sources, or preferred sleeping sites.
3. Mating and Male Competition: Male baboons
often compete for mating opportunities, and in
some cases, males will aggressively defend
 DOMINANCE HIERARCHY
A dominance hierarchy is a social structure where individuals or groups are ranked in
a linear or tiered order, based on their dominance, power, or status. This hierarchy
establishes:
• Priority access to resources (food, mating, territory).
• Social influence and control.
• Submission and deference from lower-ranking individuals
Types:
1. Linear dominance hierarchy: Simple, straight-line ranking.
2. Hierarchical dominance: Multiple tiers with subordinate groups.
3. Matrix dominance: Complex, multi-dimensional ranking.
Found in: Animal societies (wolves, chimpanzees, elephants).
Functions:
1. Reduces conflict and promotes stability.
2. Establishes clear roles and expectations
Examples:
1. Wolf packs: Alpha pair leads subordinate members.
 THE PECKING ORDER OF CHICKENS
The pecking order, also known as the social hierarchy, is a fundamental
aspect of chicken behavior. It's established through a series of
interactions, including:
Establishing Dominance:
1. Agonistic behavior (pecking, chasing, fighting).
2. Threat displays (puffing feathers, loud vocalizations).
3. Submission (lowering head, backing away).
Ranking:
-Alpha (dominant): Leads the flock, prioritizes resources.
-Beta (subordinate): Supports alpha, may challenge.
Factors Influencing Pecking Order:
1. Age: Older birds dominate younger ones.
2. Size: Larger birds tend to dominate smaller ones.
3. Sex :Roosters typically dominate hens
4. Health: Weak or injured birds may be relegated
Consequences of Disrupting Pecking Order:
1. Stress.
2. Injury.
 ALTRUISM
Altruism refers to the
selfless concern for
the well-being of
others.
Altruism behavior is
mainly found in social
animals (in insect
societies)
 ALTRUISM IN ORGANIZATION OF HONEYBEE SOCIETY
The
THE colony
QUEEN:of honeybee society consists of 3 castes i.e. the queen , the workers , and the
➔Lays fertilized and unfertilized eggs which other bees develop.
drones.
➔Larva of the queen feeds on special food Royal jelly.
➔The new queen may be killed by other members or may be
removed from the colony with a new created swarm to establish
new hive.
THE WORKERS:
➔ Are sterile females (non-reproductive) developed from fertilized
eggs.
➔Are relatively small in size but greater the number in the colony.
➔They perform function like cleaning , polishing the hive, building
beeswax combs , forage for the nectar , care for the queen and
guard the entrance.
➔Are prevented to produce offspring.
THE DRONES:
➔They are male bees that develop from unfertilized eggs.
➔Their function is to fertilize the queen during her mating flight.
➔They die after mating.
THANKS
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