03 - Atoms, Molecules and Ions

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ATOMS,

Chemistry for Industrial

MOLECULES AND
Technologist

IONS
Development of
the Modern
Atomic Theory
Since the ancient times, philosophers and scientists
had been asking “What are things made of?”
• Greek philosophers pioneered the quest
of finding out the basic composition of
matter.
• EMPEDOCLES ( 490-435 B.C.) who
proposed the concept of fire, air, water,
and earth as the answer. He called
these the four elements, composed of
minute, unchanging particles.
• This was then accepted by ARISTOTLE
(384-323 B.C.), he even added a 5 the
• These ideas culminated into a
primitive concept developed by
DEMOCRITUS (460-370 B.C.) who
assumed the presence of a void in
which the unchanging particles were
in continuous random motion. Later
he then came up with a theory
stating that everything is composed
of small indivisible particles which
• In 1803, English chemist JOHN DALTON
proposed that atoms have fixed weights and
definite properties. This is known as
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY. This then led
to the pursuit of knowledge about the
structure of the atom.
SCIENTIST WORKS
J.J. Thomson Discovered electron
(1897)
Robert Millikan Determined the charge of
an electron (1909)
Ernest Rutherford Discovered nucleus
Law of Conservation of
•Mass
In a chemical reaction, no change in
mass takes place. The total mass of
the products is equal to the total
mass of the reactant.
• In 1789, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
discovered the law of conservation
of mass.
Reaction Reactant(s) Product(s)
1) H₂ O₂ H₂O
mass 3.4g 10g 13.4g
2) CH₄ O₂ CO₂ H₂O
mass 12.2g 14g 6.2g 20g
3) HgO Hg O₂
mass 23.6g 10.6g 13g
4) Li O₂ Li₂O
mass 18.9g 5.7g 24.6g
5) C₃H₆ O₂ CO₂ H₂O
mass 18.9g 11.1g 14.4g 15.6g
6) Al(OH)₃ Al₂O₃ H₂O
mass 31.5g 21.8g 9.7g
• Hydrogen and oxygen react chemically
to form water. How much water would
form if 14.8 grams of hydrogen reacted
with 34.8 grams of oxygen? (H₂+ O₂ →
H₂O)
H₂ + O₂ → H₂O
14.8g + 34.8g →
49.6g
Reactant side → Product
side
Law of Definite
• A compound always contains
Proportion
constituent elements in a
the same
fixed or
definite proportion by mass.
• As an example, any sample of pure
water contains 11.19% hydrogen and
88.81% oxygen by mass. It does not
matter where the sample of water came
from or how it was prepared. Its
composition, like that of every other
• For example, when different samples of isooctane
(a component of gasoline and one of the
standards used in the octane rating system) are
analyzed, they are found to have a carbon-to-
hydrogen
Sample mass ratio
Carbon of 5.33:1
Hydroge Mass Ratio
n
A 14.82g 2.78g =

B 22.33g 4.19g =

C 19.40g 3.64g =
Law of Multiple
•Proportion
If two elements can combine to form
more than one compound, the
masses of one element that will
combine with a fixed mass of the
other element are in a ratio of small
whole numbers.
Law of Multiple
•Proportion
It states that when two elements
combine to form more than one
compound, the ratios of the masses
of the second element that combine
with a fixed mass of the first
element are simple whole numbers.
• Consider the compounds formed by
carbon and oxygen:
• Carbon monoxide (CO)12 grams of carbon
combine with 16 grams of oxygen.
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂)12 grams of carbon
combine with 32 grams of oxygen.
• In this case, the mass ratios of oxygen
that combine with a fixed mass of carbon
(12 grams) are 16 grams and 32 grams.
The ratio of these masses is a simple
whole number:
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
proposed by John Dalton, can be used to
explain the laws of chemical change. This
theory is based on the following set of
postulates:

1. Elements are made up of very small


particles known as atoms.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
2. All the atoms of an element are
identical in mass and size, and are
different from the atoms of another
element. Dalton used the different shapes
or figures to represent different elements,
as follows:
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
3. Compounds are composed of atoms
of more than one element, combined
in definite ratios with whole number
values.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
4. During a chemical reaction, atoms
combine, separate, or rearrange. No
atoms are created and no atoms
disappear.
The Atomic
Structure
The Structure of Atoms
An atom is a small, indivisible particle
considered to be the basic unit of matter.
An atom consists of three main subatomic
particles, namely, protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
Subatomic Particles
• ELECTRONS are small, negatively charged particles
that spin around the nucleus, staying in their ORBITS.
The shells are numbered, depending on how close they
are to the nucleus. Electrons in the lowest energy level
are the ones most tightly bound and, therefore hardest
to expel. The number of the energy level is designated.
• PROTONS were discovered Eugene Goldstein using
Crookes tube. Protons are positively charged particles.
• NEUTRONS are found in the nucleus. James Chadwick
showed that uncharged particles are emitted when
beryllium and other elements are bombarded with high
velocity helium particles. A neutron has no charge.
PARTICL LOCATIO CHARG RELATIVE
E N E MASS
PROTON Nucleus +1 1

ELECTRO Outside -1 0.0006


N nucleus
NEUTRON Nucleus 0 1
Representing an Atom

a. Atomic number = number of


protons = number of electrons in a
neutral atom
b. Mass number = number of protons
ATOMIC MASS NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER
NUMBER NUMBER OF OF OF
PROTON ELECTRO NEUTRON
NS

4 9 4 4 5
14 28 14 14 14
8 17 8 8 9
11 23 11 11 12
24 52 24 24 28
Isotopes
atoms of an element having
the same atomic number
but different mass
number. The existence of
isotopes was shown by mass
spectroscopy experiments,
wherein elements were
found to be composed of
several types of atoms, each
with different masses.
Isotopes
• Protium is the most common isotope of
hydrogen and also the most abundant in
nature. The basic hydrogen atom – a single
proton circled by a single electron
• Deuterium is sometimes called heavy
hydrogen because it is more massive than
protium. The isotope deuterium has one
proton, one neutron and one electron.
• Tritium is a hydrogen atom that has two
neutrons in the nucleus and one proton.
Molecules
and Ions
Not all matter is atomic in nature. Most matter exist
in nature in the forms of molecules, ions and
compounds.
Molecules
• are made up of atoms that are chemically bonded
together. DIATOMIC MOLECULES contain only two
atoms and normally occur in nature. If the atoms
are of the same element, they are called
HOMONUCLEAR. If they are of different elements,
they are called HETERONUCLEAR.
• Homonuclear diatomic molecules examples: H2,
Cl2, and Br2 .Heteronuclear diatomic molecules
examples: HCl, NO, and HF.
• On the other hand, a polyatomic molecule contains
three or more atoms. Examples: O3, CO2, and
Ions
• are atoms or molecules that have
charge, meaning the number protons
is not equal to the number of
electrons, giving the atom either a
positive or negative net charge. Ions
with positive charge are called
CATIONS while ions with negative
charge are called ANIONS.
Chemical
Formulas
Writing chemical is a way of expressing in symbols
the elements present in a compound, as well as the
number of atoms of each element present in the
compound.
Structural Formula
• Indicates how the atoms are arranged and
bonded chemically. They are graphical
representations of compounds showing the
elements connected to each other in symbols
and how they are arranged in the molecule of
the compound.
Molecular Formula
• A formula that shows the number of
atoms per element present in a
compound. It is also called the true
formula.
Empirical Formula
• Shows the simplest form of the
atomic ratio in a chemical
compound.
Naming
Compounds
There are certain rules to follow when naming
compounds. Ionic and molecular compounds use
different nomenclature rules.
Naming Ionic
• is a neutrally-charged compound that contains a
cation that are usually metallic and anion that are
usually non-metallic. Rules:
a. Name the metal
b. If the metal has more than one oxidation state,
indicate the charge of the metal cation using Roman
numerals and enclose it in parentheses or use suffixes
–ous and –ic.
c. If the anion is monoatomic, add the suffix –ide to
the root of the name of the non-metal. A
MONOATOMIC ANION is made up of only one atom. A
What is the chemical name of
the following Ionic compounds
• KCl
• KNO₃
• FEI₂
• Cu(NO₃) ₂
Write the chemical formula
of the following ionic
compounds.
• Sodium hydroxide
• Aluminum phosphate
Naming Molecular Compounds
• A molecular compound is composed of non-metallic
elements.
Rules:
1. Use prefixes for both elements in the compound to indicate
the number of atom for each elements present in the
compound. If there1 is only 1 atom in themono-first element, the
prefix “mono” is usually
2 dropped. di-
3 tri-
4 tetra-
5 penta-
6 hexa-
7 hepta-
8 octa-
9 nona-
10 deca-
Naming Molecular Compounds
2. Add the suffix –ide to the root of the name of the
second element.
What is the chemical name of the following molecular
compounds.
1. SF6
2. P2S3
Write the chemical formula of the following molecular
compounds.
1. Carbon tetrafluoride
2. Diphosphorus pentaoxide

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