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4 views

Sampling

Uploaded by

rehaptaha466
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SAMPLING AND

STATISTICAL INFERENCE

Prepared by: Dr. Bashaer Al-Natsheh


• Statistical inference is the procedure by which we reach a
conclusion about a population on the basis of the information
contained in a sample that has been drawn from that
population.

• In order to make a valid inference about a population, we need


a scientific sample from the population. There are also many
kinds of scientific samples that may be drawn from a
population.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE
• If a sample of size n is drawn from a population of size N in
such a way that every possible sample of size n has the same
chance of being selected, the sample is called a simple random
sample.

• Simple random sampling is a type of probability sampling in


which the researcher randomly selects a subset of participants
from a population

• Each member of the population has an equal chance of being


selected.
Systematic sampling method
A sampling method that is widely used in healthcare
Research

Using systematic sampling methodology


• A researcher calculates the total number of records needed for the
study or experiment at hand.
• A random numbers table is then employed to select a starting
point in the file system, the record located at this starting point is
called record x.
• A second number, determined by the number of records desired,
is selected to define the sampling interval (call this interval k).
• The data set would consist of records x, x+k, x+2k, x+3k, and so
on, until the necessary number of records are obtained.
Systematic Sampling method
Systematic random sampling is a probability sampling method.
This means it uses chance and randomization to select sample
data that represents a population.

After determining the right sample size, researchers assign a


regular interval number they will use to select which members of
the target population will be included in the sample.

The sample interval (k) is decided by dividing the population


size (N) by the sample size (n).
Example of systematic random
sampling
If you had a list of 1,000 patients (your target population) and
you wanted to survey 200 of them, your interval would be 5.
This means that you would sample every 5th person in your list
of 1,000 patients.

To ensure a random sample, researchers use a random starting


point within the range from 0-k. So if k = 5 you might randomly
start with the 2nd name in the list and then sample every 5th
person (e.g. 2, 7, 12, 17 and so on).
Excersise
Assume that 800 biostatistics students, we want to select a
sample of n= 24 using systematic random sampling
Stratified random sample
• It is a probability sampling technique in which the total
population is divided into homogenous groups (strata) to
complete the sampling process.
• It is a probability sampling technique in which the total
population is divided into homogenous groups (strata) to
complete the sampling process.
Stratified random sampling
steps
To create a stratified random sample, there are seven steps:
(a) defining the population;
(b) choosing the relevant stratification
(c) listing the population
(d) listing the population according to the chosen stratification
(e) choosing your sample size
(f) calculating a proportionate stratification
(g) using a simple random or systematic sample to select your
sample
• In a school of 580 students , I want to sample 40 students and
want all grades appropriately represented . How many should I
ask in each grade?

Grade frequency
9th 120
10th 150
11th 130
12th 80
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND THE DESIGN OF
EXPERIMENTS

The scientific method is a process by which scientific


information is collected, analyzed, and reported in order to
produce unbiased and replicable results in an effort to provide
an accurate representation of observable phenomena.

key elements associated with the scientific method:


Making an Observation
Formulating a Hypothesis
Designing an Experiment

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