WATER PURIFICATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

To understand the different purification methods of water and its quality standard
 Water Purification
Making water safe to drink by applying
some techniques.
 Water Introduction
General requirement of the body is 2 liters
per day.
 On average a person needs 7.5-15 liters
water per day for general purposes
Almost 80% diseases can be avoided
providing safe drinking water.
Pure and safe water should be:

1. Free from pathogenic agents

2. Free from harmful chemical substances
3. Pleasant to taste.
 Uses of Water
1. Domestic use
2. Public purpose: cleaning streets,
park
3. Industrial purpose: processing and
cooling
4. Agricultural purpose
5. Power generation
6. Carrying media
 Why Water Treatment?

•to make water potable/ safe to drink

•pleasant to taste
•suitable for domestic uses
 Impacts of Impure Water

•Water-borne disease

•Water-washed disease- inadequate supply of clean

water
 Purification of Water
1. Purification on large scale
2. Purification on small scale

Purification of water depends on:

• Type of water source
• Physical status of the water
Large scale purification comprise of 3 steps:

1. Storage
2. Filtration
3. Disinfection

1. Storage:
• natural way of making water clean
• water is made clean not pure
• Physical, chemical and biological changes take
place
• Nearly 90% suspended particles can be removed
2. Filtration
 Important stage in the water
purification
 Removes suspended particles
 Removes the microorganisms
 Efficiency is from 98%-99%

Two types of filters are used for the large scale

1. Slow sand filter
2. Rapid sand filter
 Slow Sand Filter
Consists of sections of filter beds
Fine sand- coarse sand- fine gravel- coarse gravel
(eg 0.15-.35 mm)
Working mechanism:
-Continuous supply of water to the fine sand
surface to create pressure.
-sedimentation and oxidation takes place
-Rate of flow of water is very slow
Slow Sand Filter
•A biological layer is formed- vital layer
•Vital layer take few days to form
•Biological layer oxidizes the organic matter
present in water
•Filtered water is collected under drainage.
•Flow rate 100-200 l/hr/m2 surface area of
filter
•A minimum depth of .5 m up to 1.5 m is most
commonly used
 Advantages of SSF
Simple to construct
Simple to operate
Cheaper installation and operation cost
Physical, chemical and biological quality is
high
99-99.9% efficiency
 Cleaning of SSF
Cleaning depends on the quality of raw water
As flow rate slows down the water layer above
the sand bed can be drained
The top layer of sand scraped off.
This layer should contain most of the suspended
organic matter and silt that was slowing the
water flow
 Rapid Sand Filter
Rapid sand filter involves different steps:
• Coagulation:
• Alum used as coagulant in raw water
• Dose depends on turbidity, color
• Rapid mixing:
• Alum mixed water- violent agitation to mix up
well
• Later slow and gentle stirring of water forms
flocs of aluminum hydroxide
• Flocs settle down
 •Sedimentation:

• coagulated water is let to settle for few hours so

that flocs settle down
Thus obtained water is subjected for the filtration
•Alum floc is removed by sedimentation
•Then followed the filtration like SSF
 Small Scale Purification

• Boiling
• Filtration
• Disinfection
• Cloth filtration
• Solar disinfection
 BOILING
 Simple way to kill
microorganism
 Boil as to get the bubbles
 Safe method of water
treatment
Disadvantages of boiling:
 Large amount of fuel reqd
 High cost
 Affects the taste of water
 May cause accident at home
 Chances to be re-
contaminated
Boil water vigorously for 1 minute and allow it to cool to room

temperature
 FILTRATION
 Candle filter
 Stone filter
 Sand filter
 Cloth filter
 Two/three gagri system
CANDLE FILTER
 Removes larger microorganisms
 Some virus cannot be removed. (HepA)

Advantages:
 Proven reduction of bacteria and protozoa in
lab
 Ease to use
 Long life if filter remains unbroken
 Generally of low cost.
Disadvantages:
 Low rate of virus inactivation
 Lack of residual protection and removal of
100% bacteria- may lead to recontamination
 High initial cost
 Doesnot remove dissolved contaminants
 BIOSAND FILTER

It is simply a concrete container,

enclosing layers of sand and
gravel which trap and eliminate
sediments, pathogens and
other impurities from the
water.
 The Biosand filter adaptation has proven
as effective as traditional slow sand
filters, in both laboratory and field tests.

The filter has also been proven to remove:

– More than 96% of fecal coliforms
– 100% of protozoa and helminthes
– 50-90% of organic and inorganic toxicants
– Greater that 75% of iron and manganese
– Suspended sediments, in all or part
Advantage: Disadvantage:
 Proven removal of • Low rate of virus
protozoa and % of inactivation
bacteria • Lack of residual
 High user protection &
acceptability/easy removal of 100%
to use
bacteria
 Taste of water
improves
• May lead to
 recontamination
Can be produced
locally • High initial cost
 Long life
Cloth Filter
 A fine, thin cotton
cloth is used to filter
the water.
 Helps in reducing
suspended particles
 Disinfection:
1. Physical disinfection: includes
boiling and ultraviolet radiation.

2. Chemical disinfection:
includes addition of ozone, chlorine
or its compounds.
 Chlorination

o Water treatment that destroys

disease-causing bacteria,
nuisance bacteria, parasites
and other organisms
o Rremoves soluble iron,
manganese and hydrogen
sulphide from water
Advantages:
Proper chlorination will kill bacteria a result of
improper construction

Can remove large amounts of iron from water by

adding chlorine to oxidize the clear soluble
iron into the filterable reddish insoluble form

Chlorine helps remove manganese and

hydrogen sulphide in the same way
Disadvantages:

o Adding chlorine may prevent nitrates

from being reduced to the toxic
nitrite form only
o If the concentration is great enough
the water will taste bad that
consumption may be reduced
Solar Disinfection (SODIS)

-simple, low cost and effective

technology for disinfecting water at
household level.
-requires only sunlight and transparent
plastic bottles. Both ultra violet
radiation & heat provided by sunlight
helps to inactivate the bacteria in the
water, making the treated water safe for
SODIS:

Solar Water Disinfection,

improves the
microbiological quality
of drinking water, using
solar UV- radiation and
temperature to
inactivate pathogens
causing diarrhea
 Drinking Water Standards
SN Parameters Unit WHO Guide line
A Physical Parameters
1. pH - 6.5 - 8.5
2. Turbidity NTU 5.0
3. Colour Hazen 15.0
4. TDS mg/l 1000
5. Total Hardness mg/l 500
6. Total Alkalinity mg/l 500
B Non metals
1. Chloride mg/l 250
2. Fluoride mg/l 1.5
3. Sulphate mg/l 250
4. Nitrite as N mg/l 1.0
5. Nitrate as N mg/l 10.0 (50)
6. Ammonia mg/l 1.5
C Metal
1. Iron mg/l 0.3 (3 )
2. Manganese mg/l 0.1
3. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 (0.05)
4. Copper mg/l 2.0
5. Sodium mg/l 200
6. Zinc mg/l 3.0
7. Nickel mg/l 0.02
8. Total Chromium mg/l 0.05
9. Cadmium mg/l 0.003
10. Lead mg/l 0.05

11. Mercury mg/l 0.001

D Microbiological

1. Total Coliform MPN/ Nil

100 ml
2. Faceal MPN/ Nil
Coliform/ 100 ml
excreta based
THANK YOU