Steering System

Steering System
by
Azmeera Balu,
ATO
Steering System
Steering is the collection of
components, linkages, etc. which
allows a vessel (ship, boat) or vehicle to
follow the desired path.
The most conventional steering arrangement
is to turn the front wheels
using a hand operated steering wheel which is
positioned in front of the driver,
Functions of Steering System
•Control of front wheel (sometimes rear
wheel) direction.
•Transmit road feel (slight steering
wheel pull caused by the road surface)
to the drivers hand.
•Maintain correct amount of effort
needed to turn the wheels.
•Absorb most of the shock going to the
steering wheel as the tire hits holes
and bumps in the road.
•Allow for suspension action.
Steering Linkage
Basic Steering Systems
Two main types
of steering:
 Linkage or Conventional
type (also known as
Parallelogram).
 Rack-and-pinion type.
Linkage Steering System
Linkage Steering System
Main Components of Linkage Steering
System
1.Steering
 It is made up of steel ring welded
Wheel
with hub by two or three spokes.
Covered with lather or plastic to
provide firm grip.
used by the driver to rotate a
steering shaft that passes through
the steering column.
System
2.Steering
Column
It is a hallow steel pipe
 support steering wheel and shaft
 provide space for electric fittings
and controls.
System
3.Steering Shaft
It is made by high quality steel.
 transfers turning motion from
the steering wheel to the steering
gearbox.
System
4.Steering Gear
changes turning motion
Box
into a straight-line motion to the left
or right.
Steering gear box ratios range from
15:1 to
24:1 (with 15:1, the worm gear turns
15 times
to turn the selector shaft once).
.
System
4. Pitman arm/Drop
arm
transfers gearbox motion to the
steering linkage.
 Pitman arm is splined to the
gearbox.
System
5. Drag Link
The drag link connects the pitman
arm to the steering arm, or in some
applications it connects to the tie rod
assembly.
System
6. Tie Rod
Tie rods are an integral part of your
vehicle's steering. Just as its name
suggests, a tie rod ties your vehicle's
steering rack to the steering arm.
It’s a rod with a “ball and socket” at
one end that connects to the steering
arm
System
7. Knuckle Arm
It is part of steering linkage that
connects
The wheel hub or spindle to the
steering links.
ACKERMANN’S PRINCIPLE
The intention of
Ackermann
geometry is to
avoid the need for
tyres to slip
sideways when
following the path
around a curve.
PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
 Ackermann steering mechanism
Ackermann steering geometry is a geometric arrangement
of linkages in the steering of a car or other vehicle
designed to solve the problem of wheels on the inside
and outside of a turn needing to trace outcircles of
different radius.
Steering Mechanism
Davis steering geometry
Davis Steering
This is an exact steering gear mechanism. This
mechanism fulfills the above steering condition.
However, due to more sliding members, the wear will be
increased, eliminating the accuracy.
Davis Steering
This is an exact steering gear mechanism. This
mechanism fulfils the above steering condition. But due
to presence of more sliding members, the wear will be
increased and this eliminates the accuracy .
DIFFERENCE
ACKERMANN DAVIS
MECHANISM MECHANISM
Mechanism is in the back of the Mechanism is in the front of
front wheels front wheels
Consists of turning pair so less Consists of sliding pair so

friction and wear more friction and wear
Positions of correct gearing are:

It is an exact steering gear
When the vehicle moves straight mechanism and fulfils the
fundamental equation of
When the vehicle moves a correct gearing in all the positions.
angle to the right and left
In other positions slippage occurs
Difference between Ackermann
and Davis mechanism
• The whole mechanism is on back of the front wheels ,
whereas in Davis ,it is in front of the wheels.
• It consists of turning pairs, whereas in Davis, it consists
of sliding pairs.
STEERING GEOMETRY
STEERING GEOMETRY
 The term "steering geometry" (also known as "front-end
geometry") refers to the angular Relationship between suspension
and steering parts, front wheels, and the road surface. Because
alignment deals with angles and affects steering, the method of
describing alignment measurements is called steering geometry.
There are five steering geometry angles :

 Camber
 Caster
 king pin inclination
 Toe in & Toe-out on turns
Camber:-
 Camber angle is the angle between
the vertical line and centre line of the
tyre when viewed from the front of
the vehicle.
 Camber angle is positive when this
is outward. This happens when
wheels are further apart at top than at
bottom. On the contrary, camber angle
is negative when angle is inward. This
happens when wheels are further
apart at bottom than at top.
 The camber, should not be more
than 2 degree, because this causes
uneven or more tyre wear on one side
than on other side.
Caster:-
Caster angle is the

tilt of king pin centre
line towards front of
back from the vertical
line.
It is the angle

between the vertical
line and king pin
centre line in the wheel
plane when looked
from side.
King pin inclination
 It is the angle between king pin centre

line and vertical line when seen from the
front of the vehicle.
 It is also called steering axle inclination.
 King pin inclination and caster are used
to improve directional stability in cars.
 This is also used to reduce steering
effort when steering a stationary
 it reduces tyre wear.
 This inclination varies from 4 to 8
degree in modern cars.
TOE IN & TOE OUT
 In automotive engineering, toe also known as tracking.
 This can be contrasted with steer, which is the anti symmetric

angle, i.e. both wheels point to the left or right, in parallel
(roughly).
 Positive toe, or toe in, is the front of the wheel pointing in

towards the centerline of the vehicle
 Negative toe, or toe out, is the front of the wheel pointing away
from the centerline of the vehicle.
ACKERMANN STEERING GEOMETRY
 Ackermann steering geometry is a geometric arrangement of linkages in the

steering of a car or other vehicle designed to solve the problem of wheels on the
inside and outside of a turn needing to trace out circles of different radii.
 Modern cars do not use pure Ackermann steering partly because it ignores
important dynamic and compliant effects.
 The use of such geometry helps reduce tyre temperatures during high-speed
cornering but compromises performance in low speed maneuvers.
 The intention of Ackermann geometry is to avoid the need for tyre to slip
sideways when following the path around a curve.
 As the rear wheels are fixed, this centre point must be on a line extended from
the rear axle.
 Intersecting the axes of the front wheels on this line as well requires that the
inside front wheel is turned, when steering, through a greater angle than the
Ackerman – Truck Steering System
Straight ahead
Right turn
Left turn
Car Steering Systems
Rack and pinion
Steering arm
Rack Gearbox
Tire rod
Tire rod
Gearbox
Steering arm
Pitman arm
Idler arm Relay link
Truck Steering Systems
Tire rod
Steering arm
Gearbox
Pitman arm
Drag link

Steering System

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Steering System

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Steering System

Consists of turning pair so less Consists of sliding pair so

Positions of correct gearing are:

There are five steering geometry angles :

Caster angle is the

It is the angle

 It is the angle between king pin centre

 In automotive engineering, toe also known as tracking.

 This can be contrasted with steer, which is the anti symmetric

 Positive toe, or toe in, is the front of the wheel pointing in

 Ackermann steering geometry is a geometric arrangement of linkages in the

Rack and pinion

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