PYTHON PROGRAMMING 1

UNIT-II

PRESETED BY
E.RAJALAKSHMI
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E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

• Control Flow Statements
• Sequential
• Selection
• Repetition
• Continue and break statements
• Syntax Error
• Python Strings
• Index and Slice strings in Python
• String Operations
• Built in functions using strings
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Control Flow Statements

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

A program’s control flow is the order in which the program’s code executes.The control flow of a
Python program is regulated by conditional statements, loops, and function calls.

Python has three types of control structures:

Sequential - default mode

Selection - used for decisions and branching

Repetition - used for looping, i.e., repeating a piece of code multiple times.
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Sequential

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Sequential statements are a set of statements whose execution process
happens in a sequence. The problem with sequential statements is that if the
logic has broken in any one of the lines, then the complete source code
execution will break.
## This is a Sequential statement
a=20
b=10
c=a-b
print("Subtraction is : ",c)
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Selection

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

In Python, the selection statements are also known as Decision control
statements or branching statements.
Some Decision Control Statements are:

Simple if

if-else

nested if

if-elif-else
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Simple if

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

The syntax of the if-statement is given below

if expression:
statement

Example 1
num = int(input("enter the number?"))
if num%2 == 0:
print("Number is even")

Output:
enter the number?10
Number is even
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The if-else statement 7

The syntax of the if-else statement is given below.

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

if condition:
#block of statements
else:
#another block of statements (else-block)

age = int (input("Enter your age? "))

if age>=18:
print("You are eligible to vote !!");
else:
print("Sorry! you have to wait !!");

Output:

Enter your age? 90

You are eligible to vote !!
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The elif statement

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

The syntax of the elif statement is given below.

if expression 1:
# block of statements
elif expression 2:
# block of statements
elif expression 3:
# block of statements
else:
# block of statements
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The elif statement

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

number = int(input("Enter the number?"))
if number==10:
print("number is equals to 10")
elif number==50:
print("number is equal to 50");
elif number==100:
print("number is equal to 100");
else:
print("number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100");
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Nested if statements

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

if condition:
if condition: mark = 72
statements
else:
if mark > 50:
statements if mark > = 80:
else: print ("You got A Grade !!")
statements
elif mark > =60 and mark < 80 :
print ("You got B Grade !!")
else:
print ("You got C Grade !!")
else:
print("You failed!!")
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Repetition

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

A repetition statement is used to repeat a group(block) of programming
instructions.
In Python, we generally have two loops/repetitive statements:

•for loop for loop

•while loop

Syntax
for item in sequence:
statements(s)
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for loop

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Example
colors = ("Red", "Blue", "Green")
for color in colors:
print(color)
Output:
Red
Blue
Green
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while loop

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Loops are one of the most important features in computer programming languages .
As the name suggests is the process that get repeated again and again . It offer a
quick and easy way to do something repeated until a certain condition is reached.
Every loop has 3 parts:
x=0
•Initialization while(x < =5):
•Condition print(x)
x+=1
•Updation
OUTPUT
0
Syntax 1
while (condition) :
2
statement(s)
3
4
5
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Continue and break statements

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Python break statement

# Use of break statement inside the loop

for val in "string":
if val == "i":
break
print(val)
print("The end")

Output:
s
t
r
The end
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Continue and break statements

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Python continue statement
Syntax of Continue

>>> for name in names:

... if name != "Nina":
... continue
... print(f"Hello, {name}")
...
Hello, Nina
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Catching exceptions using try and except statement

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

 ZeroDivisionError: Occurs when a number is divided by zero.
 NameError: It occurs when a name is not found. It may be local or global.
 IndentationError: If incorrect indentation is given.
 IOError: It occurs when Input Output operation fails.
 EOFError: It occurs when the end of the file is reached, and yet operations are
being performed.
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Catching exceptions using try and except statement

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

a = int(input("Enter a:"))
b = int(input("Enter b:")) Output:
Enter a:10
c = a/b Enter b:0
print("a/b = %d" %c) Traceback (most recent call last):
File "exception-test.py", line 3, in <module>
#other code: c = a/b;
print("Hi I am other part of the program") ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
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Catching exceptions using try and except statement

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Exception handling in python

Syntax

#block of code
except Exception1:
#block of code
except Exception2:

try:
#block of code
#other code
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Catching exceptions using try and except statement

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Exception handling in python

try:
a = int(input("Enter a:")) Output:
b = int(input("Enter b:")) Enter a:10
Enter b:0
c = a/b Can't divide with zero
except:
print("Can't divide with zero")
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Catching exceptions using try and except statement

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Exception handling in python

try:
#block of code
except Exception1:
#block of code
else:
#this code executes if no except block is executed
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Catching exceptions using try and except statement

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Exception handling in python

try:
a = int(input("Enter a:"))
Output:
b = int(input("Enter b:")) Enter a:10
c = a/b Enter b:0
can't divide by zero
print("a/b = %d"%c) <class 'Exception'>
# Using Exception with except statement.
If we print(Exception) it will return exception class
except Exception:
print("can't divide by zero")
print(Exception)
else:
print("Hi I am else block")
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Syntax Error

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Some syntax error can be:
Error in structure
Missing operators
Unbalanced parenthesis
if (number=200)
count << "number is equal to 20";
else
count << "number is not equal to 200"
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Python

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Strings
# Python string examples - all assignments are identical.
String_var = 'Python'
String_var = "Python"
String_var = """Python"""
# with Triple quotes Strings can extend to multiple lines
String_var = """ This document will help you to
explore all the concepts
of Python Strings!!! """
# Replace "document" with "tutorial" and store in another
variable
substr_var = String_var.replace("document", "tutorial")
print (substr_var)
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Index and Slice Strings in Python

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

sample_str = 'Python String'
print (sample_str[0]) # return 1st character
# output: P
print (sample_str[-1]) # return last character
# output: g
print (sample_str[-2]) # return last second character
# output: n
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String Operations

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Concatenation of Two or More Strings

# Python String Operations

str1 = 'Hello' Output:
str1 + str2 = HelloWorld!
str2 ='World!' str1 * 3 = HelloHelloHello
# using +
print('str1 + str2 = ', str1 + str2)
# using *
print('str1 * 3 =', str1 * 3)
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String Operations

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Slice a String

sample_str = 'Python String'

print (sample_str[3:5]) #return a range of character
# ho
print (sample_str[7:]) # return all characters from index 7
# String
print (sample_str[:6]) # return all characters before index 6
# Python
print (sample_str[7:-4])
# St
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String Operations

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

String Membership Test String comparison
>>> 'a' in 'program'
True
You can use ( > , < , <= , <= , == , != ) to compare two strings.
>>> 'at' not in 'battle'
False Python compares string lexicographically i.e using ASCII value
of the characters.

str1="Hello"
str2="Hello"
str3="HELLO"
print(str1 == str2)
print(str1 == str3)
Output:
True
False
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Built in functions using strings
String Upper()

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Python string method upper() returns a copy of the string in which all case-based characters
have been uppercased.
str = "THIS IS STRING EXAMPLE....WOW!!!";
print str.lower()

Output
this is string example....wow!!!
String Lower ()
Python string method lower() returns a copy of the string in which all case-based characters
have been lowercased.
str = "THIS IS STRING EXAMPLE....WOW!!!";
print str.lower()

Output
this is string example....wow!!!
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Built in functions using strings
string_name.islower()

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

islower() is used to check if string_name string is in lowercase or not. This functions returns a boolean value
as result, either True or False.

>>> print ("hello, world".islower())

Output
True

string_name.isupper()

isupper() is used to check if the given string is in uppercase or not. This function also returns a boolean
value as result, either True or False.

>>> print ("HELLO, WORLD".isupper());

Output
True
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Built in functions using strings

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

String len()

Python string method len() returns the length of the string.

Syntax : len( str )

Example
>>> s = "Hello"
>>> print (len(s))
Output
Length of the string: 5
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Built in functions using strings

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

string_name.replace(old_string, new_string)

replace() function will first of all take a string as input, and ask for some subString within
it as the first argument and ask for another string to replace that subString as the second
argument. For Example,

>>> print ("Hello, World".replace("World", "India"));

Output
Hello, India
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Built in functions using strings

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

String Join()

Python string method join() returns a string in which the string elements of sequence have
been joined by str separator.
Syntax: str.join(sequence)

s = "-";
seq = ("a", "b", "c"); # This is sequence of strings.
print s.join( seq )
Output:
a-b-c
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Built in functions using strings

E.RAJALAKSHMI-RAAK ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE

Python String split()
txt = "welcome to the jungle"
x = txt.split()
print(x)
output:
['welcome', 'to', 'the', 'jungle']

string traversing.

fruit = "fruit"
index = 0
while index < len(fruit):
letter = fruit[index]
print(letter)
index = index + 1
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING