Index Fossils

Index
Fossils
Group 12
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Index fossil
The word ‘Fossil’
Index Fossils are means anything dug
out of the Earth
commonly found, widely
distributed fossils that are
limited in time span. It is
used for the determination
of the age of organic rocks
and other fossils
assemblages and help to
establish relationship
between rock units
What are
fossils?
Fossils are vestiges of plants or
animals preserved in strata of earth
that give evidence of their presence
in the geological past. In a strict
sense, fossils include not only the
remains of organisms or their parts
but also anything connected with an
organism proving its existence (trace
fossils).
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William Smith
William smith
In 1796, William Smith, first
noted that rock was
British civil engineer characterized by unique sets
of fossil taxa. By noting the
presence of fossils, it became
possible to correlate rock
units of varying lithologies
across vast distance and to
establish time horizons in
lithologically uniform
diachronous rock units.
Certain floral and faunal
remains are often found to be
ton
s ke
le
restricted to a particular
geological horizon. Such
Index Fossils
Index Fossils Geological Range
Index fossils is an Geological range refers to

abundant and easily the length of geological
identifiable fossil with a time that an organism
wide geographic was, or has been, present
distribution and a short on earth.
geological range.
The types
Of Animal
Index
Fossils
Ammonites
Some examples are:
Ammonites
Group of fossils molluscs
possessing
exosgastrically coiled
shell; perisohinctes tiziani
in a Jurassic Index fossils
and trophites subbullatus
is a triassic index fossil.
Gastropods
Some examples are:
Gastropods
Another groups of
molluscs have
asymmetrical bodies with
usually dextral, spirally
twisted shell; Nerina
trinodosa is a Jurassic
Index fossil.
Pelecypods
Some examples are:
Pelecypods
A molluscs enclosed with
bivalved shell and
ventrally located tongue-
shaped foot; Venericardia
planicosta is a Tertiary
index fossil.
Branchipods
Some examples are:
Branchipods
Bilaterally symmetrical
coclomatc animal with
bivalved shell; Billingselia
corrugata is a Cambrian
index fossil and
Dictyoclostus americanus is
a Carboniferous
(Pennsylvanian) fossil
brachiopod.
Crinoid
Some examples are:
Crinoid
A marine invertebrate,
usually possessing a cup-
shaped body and five or
more feathery tentacles;
Cactocrinus
multibranchiatus of
Carboniferous
(Mississipian) is a good
example of index fossil.
Trilobites
Some examples are:
Trilobites
Extinct marine arthropods
with more or less oval body
divided into three lobes by
two longitudinal furrows;
Paradoxides pinus and
Bathyurus extans are index
fossils of cambrian and
Ordovician periods,
respectively.
Characteristcs
of Index
Fossils
Characteristics
1. 2.
An organism must Many fossils of the

have lived only during organism must be found
a short part of Earth's in the rock layers.
history.
Characteristics
3. 4.
The fossils must be The organism must be

found over a wide unique.
area of Earth.
Quiz Time!
Thank you for listening to our report!
1-6.
What are the six types animal index fossils?

7.
Are commonly found, widely distributed fossils

that are limited in time span.
8.
Is a British civil Engineer that first noted

that rock was characterized by unique sets
of fossil taxa.
9.
Are vestiges of plants or animals preserved in strata

of earth that give evidence of their presence in the
geological past.
10.
Refers to the length of geological time that an

organism was, or has been, present on earth.
11.
A molluscs enclosed with bivalved shell and ventrally

located tongue- shaped foot; Venericardia planicosta
is a Tertiary index fossil.
12-15.
Give 4 characteristics of Index Fossils.

Checking!
Ammonites, Gastropods,
1-6 Pelecypods, Branchipods, Crinoid,
Trilobites
7. Index Fossils 1 Geological

Range
William
0.
8. Smith 1 Pelecypods
1.
9. Fossils
Checking!
12- • An organism must have lived only during a
16. short part of Earth's history.
• Many fossils of the organism must be found in
the rock layers.
• The fossils must be found over a wide area of
Earth.
• The organism must be unique.

Index Fossils

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Index

Index fossils is an Geological range refers to

An organism must Many fossils of the

The fossils must be The organism must be

What are the six types animal index fossils?

Are commonly found, widely distributed fossils

Is a British civil Engineer that first noted

Are vestiges of plants or animals preserved in strata

Refers to the length of geological time that an

A molluscs enclosed with bivalved shell and ventrally

Give 4 characteristics of Index Fossils.

7. Index Fossils 1 Geological

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