M. S.

Swaminathan School Of Agriculture

Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi
A
Presentation on
Agricultural Experiential Learning Programme (AELP)
In
Seed production
By
KUNA MOHAN KRISHNA (190804130070)
KOMMERLA KEERTHANA RAJAN (190804130082)
MEKA SHINY SHIZA (190804130083)
SRINANDA MONDAL (190804130217)
KARAN VISHNU (190804130260)
KAKARA SOUJANYA (190804130265)
BOYA MANIKANTA NAIDU (190804130266)
PUSAPATI KIREETI VARMA (190804130287)
THUMPALA VASANTHA (190804130302)

Unit in charge: Dr. Aninda Chakraborty

(Assistant Professor, Genetics and Plant Breeding and Seed Science and Technology)
 Contents
- Introduction
- Scope and Importance
- Paddy (Commercial grain production)
- Maize (Commercial grain production)
- Okra (Hybrid seed production)
- Rural Haat
- Educational tour to ICAR-NRRI
- Challenging task in
a) Biopesticide unit
b) Biofertilizer unit
c) Mushroom unit
- Conclusion
INTRODUCTION :
 AELP unit of seed production domain located at R. Sitapur, Ranadevi and
Gandahati farm. This unit focus majorly on hybrid seed development and
seed multiplication of okra and commercial grain production of paddy,
maize.

 Hybrid seeds considered better than normal because they give more
production of crops, give more quality of crops, therefore they are
considered as much better than normal seeds. Hybrid seeds have disease
resistance and perform better in terms of more fruits, flowers and
vegetables produced, more plants surviving disease and pests.
Scope and Importance :
• As the demand of quality seeds are rising day by day and also the
availability of quality seeds is low, pest and disease-free seeds are
also required in short period of time so hybrid seed production can
solve all these issues.
• So, to provide quality seeds to farmers in short period of time could
help them to achieve more profit in less number of times.
• In view of above, the project has been formulated to supply the
hybrid seeds and commercial seeds that are disease resistant so that
they could withstand adverse conditions and could give more profit
as compare to normal seeds which farmers used to grow.
Scope and Importance :
• Seed is crucial and basic input to increase crop yields per unit area. Availability
of quality seeds of improved cultivars is considered crucial for realizing
productivity and adoption of cultivars in different agro-climatic conditions.
• These hybrid seeds help in increasing the overall yield and quality of the output
obtained. Manufacturers of hybrid seeds help in making them available in more
regions around the world.
• Commercial seeds are the seeds sown for production of an intended crop or used
as animal feed or industrial raw material. The increasing global population is
escalating the demand for commercial seeds. As commercial seeds yield higher
output, the declining global arable land due to rapid urbanization acts as a driver
for the demand of commercial seeds.
 PADDY
INTRODUCTION :COMMERCIAL GRAIN PRODUCTION OF PADDY (M- 1011
HYBRID)

SEED GERMINATION TEST

CROP CALENDER OF PADDY ( GANDAHATI FARM)
25-05-2022 Soil sampling and testing

29-06-2022 Final bed preparation of nursery and SSP @ 200 Kg/acre

04-07-2022 Seed treatment 1000 ml PSB + 1000 ml Azospirillum
10-07-2022 Seed Germination %
05-07-2022 Incubation for 24 hr.
Final bed preparation of 2nd and 3rd nursery SSP
applied (50 kg and 10 kg respectively) & Seeds
06-07-2022 treatment (1200 ml PSB+ 1200 ml Azospirillum) &
Urea 22kg and Mop 8.5 Kg applied to 1st nursery,
sprouted seeds sown in 1st Nursery

07-07-2022 Incubation of seeds

Sprouted seeds sown in 2nd and 3rd nursery Urea @ 22 kg
08-07-2022 and MoP @ 8.5 kg applied at 2nd nursery. Urea @ 10 kg and MoP @
4 kg applied at 3rd nursery.
Water removed from 2nd and 3rd nursery,
Application of SAATHI herbicide (pre-emergence)
09-07-2022 @ 20g/25 cent for all 3 nursery beds.

Urea applied @7kg/25 Cent nursery for the uniform

19-07-2022 growth of the rice seedling
 Main field preparation puddling of main
filed and SSP applied @132 kg/acre of
23-07-2022 land

24/07/2022-
04/08/2022 Total 12-acre land transplanting
completed by maintaining 2 m planting
and 30 cm gap maintained in between

05/08/2022 Total area was broadcasted with Urea @22kg and MoP
@33kg per acre of land

17/08/2022- 2nd dose of Urea applied @ 22kg per

acre followed by weeding
22/08/2022

28/08/2022-
29/08/2022 3rd dose Urea applied @ 22kg per acre

31-10-2022 Harvesting of paddy

 PROCESS OF PRODUCTION
1) LAND PREPARATION:
a) Primary tillage

b) Secondary tillage
 2) NURSERY MANAGEMENT:
 2m beds
 60cm channels

Area measurement using Pythagoras Bund preparation and layout

theorem

Bund strengthening SSP application in nursery beds

3) SEED TREATMENT:
 with Azospirillum & PSB

Measurement & pouring of bio

fertilizer in seed Mixing of fertilizer
4) SEED SOAKING & INCUBATION:
 24h of soaking
 12h incubation

Treated seeds in gunny bags Soaking of seeds

Removal of water Seed incubation

5) SEEDS SOWING & FERTILISER APPLICATION IN NURSERY

Sprouted seeds Broadcasting seeds in nursery beds

Application of fertiliser(urea+MOP)
6) PRE EMERGENCE HERBICIDE APPLICATION IN
NURSERY BED
7) APPLICATION OF UREA IN NURSERY BED AT
SEEDLING STAGE
8) MAIN FIELD PREPARATIION

Puddling in main field

SSP application in main field

9) NURSERY PULLING:
 We have done nursery pulling after 21 days of sowing
 10) TRANSPALNTING IN MAIN FIELD:
 Transplanted one seedling per hill
 Planted in 2m width rows
 30cm of gap is given in between rows

11) THINNING & GAP FILLING:

 Done 7-10 days after transplanting
12) WATER MANAGEMENT:

 We have maintained 4-5cm depth of water in main field

 Paddy crop requires more water in tillering and booting stage
 15 days before harvesting water should be removed from field
13) NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT:
a) First application: urea 25kg/ 1 acre b) Second application: urea25kg/acre
14) WEED MANAGEMENT:
a) Herbicide application

Mixing of Pretilachlor with sand Broadcasting herbicide

b) Manual weeding
15) ROGUING:

 Rouging is carried out depending upon the necessity.

 During rouging, off type and diseased plants are removed
from the seed field.
 Rouging helps in maintaining the genetic purity of seeds.
16) TILLERING STAGE:

 Marks the end of the seedling stage and starts when the 4 th true leaf is fully emerged.
 Rice tiller is a specialized grain-bearing branch that is formed on the unelongated
basal internode and grows independently of the mother stem (culm) by means of its
own adventitious roots.
 Tillering begins around 40 days after planting and can last up to 120 days.
17) QUADRANT DATA COLLECTION AT TILLERING STAGE:
 GANDAHATI FARM DATA
Sl.No Plot.no No.of. No.of. Tillers Total
plants
1 1 37 10,15,18,11,15,12,15,9,13,13, 131
=13.1%
2 3 33 14,14,11,8,18,16,16,12,13,16 138
=13.8%
3 26 36 8,12,11,14,13,10,11,13,9,12 113
=11.3%
4 7 31 11,10,14,12,10,11,10,14,13,12 117
=11.7%
5 16 33 19,16,12,16,16,19,17,18,23,12 168
=16.8
6 Opposite to 3rd 31 12,13,9,13,11,10,11,12,14,12 117
plot =11.7%
7 Opposite to 4th- 33 11,8,9,13,11,8,10,11,13,12 106
5th plot =10.6%
8 Below Opposite 36 8,11,14,12,814,11,10,9,11 108
to 4th-5th plot =10.8%
9 24 35 11,13,13,12,9,10,11,8,12,10 109
=10.9%
10 17 38 15,13,11,12,11,8,12,8,12,14 117
=11.7%
11 18 32 12,14,13,16,11,13,9,12,10,13 123
=12.3%
18) FIELD INSPECTION:

 A planting inspection is commonly conducted to determine that the paddy seeds

which are planted is genetically pure, of known origin, and is an appropriate variety
for the area. The field should be inspected to verify that it is properly isolated and
free of volunteer plants.
 We students daily monitored the plant growth, pest attack, diseases.

Visit of KVK officials

19) PANICLE INITIATION STAGE:

 Panicle Initiation (PI) is the start of the reproductive phase of rice

development
 PI is defined as when 3 out of 10 main shoots have a panicle 1 to 2
mm long, above the airspace or internode.
20) QUADRANT DATA COLLECTION OF PRODUCTIVE
TILLERS:
 RANADEVI FARM DATA

PLOT PLANT NO. OF TILLERS NO. OF PRODUCTIVE TOTAL

NO. POPULATI TILLERS
ON
2 27 17,23,19,29,28,15,18,23,31,16 17,23,19,28,28,14,18,23,31,16 21.7%

22 29 21,18,24,23,23,20,17,14,22,15 20,18,24,23,23,20,17,14,22,15 19.6%

7 33 17,21,14,20,17,23,14,22,16,19 17,21,14,20,17,23,16,22,16,19 18.5%

11 28 18,21,16,13,19,22,17,23,18,14 18,21,16,13,19,22,17,23,18,14 18.1%
9 29 8,12,11,14,15,13.11,15,18,11 8,12,11,14,15,13.11,15,18,11 12.8%
26 26 13,12,11,12,17,11,19,12,10,16 13,11,11,10,16,11,18,12,10,15 13%

19 22 24,15,20,19,21,18,11,19,16,20 23,14,20,19,20,18,11,17,16,19 18%

22 23 15,19,21,11,16,17,14,18,20,17 15,18,21,11,15,17,14,17,19,17 16%
17 27 16,11,16,13,12,11,13,15,16,17 16,11,16,13,12,11,13,15,16,17 14%
16 14 16,17,13,11,12,14,15,17,13,10 16,14,13,10,12,13,15,15,13,10 13%
• Panicle length & plant height data
SL.NO PANICLE LENGTH (cm) PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
1. 31 130
2. 32.5 129
3. 35 128
4. 30 144
5. 31 130
6. 32 129
7. 32.5 131.5
8. 29 120
9. 30 128
10 28 140
21) CROP PROTECTION:

a) Disease management:

i) Bacterial blight:
Causal organism : Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

• Management:
 ii) SHEATH ROT:
Causal organism: Sarocladium oryzae

• Management:
Other diseases we have observed:

Leaf blast False smut

Sheath blight
b) Pest management:

i) Stem borer: Scirpophaga incertulas

White ear
ii) Brown plant hopper: Nilaparvata lugens

Hopper burn
22)GRAIN DATA COLLECTION:

 We have selected few panicles randomly from plots, count the number of
productive and chaffy grains for estimation of yield.
 Grain data
Sl. No. Panicle length(cm) Productive grains No. of Chaffy
grains
1. 31 199 50
2. 26.5 168 48
3. 31 136 40
4. 29 213 42
5. 28 88 74
6. 28 180 22
7. 29.5 173 17
8. 26 83 35
9. 31 200 49
10. 28.5 188 15
11. 29 277 70
12. 32.5 232 63
13. 25.3 294 61
14. 29.7 243 47
15. 27.5 197 33
16. 33 285 58
17. 31 153 16
18. 26 231 25
19. 29 156 49
20. 30 170 36
23) CROP CUTTING EXPERIMENT:
24) HARVESTING & THRESHING:
 From each plot we have selected few panicles and measure their
length and weight of productive grains and chaffy grains for yield
estimation.
• Panicle length data
No. of samples Plot 7 Plot 5

Sample 1 29cm 31cm

Sample 2 28.5cm 31.5cm
Sample 3 29cm 27cm
Sample 4 28.5cm 28.5cm
Sample 5 27cm 28cm
Average 28.4cm 29.2cm

• Grain weight data

Subject Plot 7 Plot 5
Wet Weight of total grains 15.39kg 17.11kg

Weight of chaffy grains 840gm 683gm

 Financial analysis of paddy:
• Rental value & Electricity charges for leased
in land
Sl.
Particulars Cost (₹) /Acre
No.
1. Land rent 8,000/-
Irrigation
2. 900/-
charges(3ML)
8,900/-
Total

NOTE: ML – Male labour (Rs. 300 / person), WL – Women labour (Rs. 250 /
person)
 • Depreciation of fixed assets
Sl. No. Particulars Quantity Cost (Rs.) Expected life Depreciation
(Rs.) /(₹)
1. Tractor 1 6,65,000 22 years 1,663/-
2. Rotovator 1 88,000 8 years 550/-
3. Land Leveller 1 25,700 8 years 161/-
4. Puddler 1 42,000 8 years 263/-
5. Combine harvester 1 2,55,000 19 years 671/-
Total 3,308/-

• Machine operating charges

Sl. No. Particulars Time/Unit Litres Total cost
(Rs.)
1 Tractor with rotavator 1 hour 6.5L 683/-
( nursery bed)
2 Tractor (puddling) 1 hour 6.5L 683/-
3 Tractor with rotovator (main field 1 hour 6.5L 683/-
preparation)
4 Combine harvester 1 hour 6L 630/-
Total 2679/-
• Seed and sowing
Sl. No. Particulars Quantity Cost (Rs.)/Unit Total cost
(Rs.)
1. Hybrid Seed (Marvel- 1011) 8 kg 500/kg 4,000/-

2. Seed Bed making 7 ML 300/Person 2,100/-

3. Sowing 1 ML 300/Person 300/-
4. Transplantation 8 WL 250/Person 2,000/-
Total 8,400/-
NOTE: ML – Male labour (Rs. 300 / person), WL – Women labour (Rs. 250 / person)

• Farm inputs
Sl. No. Particulars Quantity/Unit Cost (Rs.)/Unit Total
1. FYM 5 tonnes 300/tonne 1,500/-
2. Urea (2 splits) 96 kg 5.9/kg 566/-
3. SSP 132 kg 7.5/kg 990/-
4. MOP 32 kg 16/kg 512/-
5. Krosin-Ag 6 gm 40/packet 40/-
(Bactericide)
6. Blitox (Fungicide) 500 gm 500/packet 500/-
7. Pretilachlor 50 EC 500 gm 150/bottle 150/-
8. Total labours 12 ML, 1 WL 3600/-, 250/- 3850/-
required NOTE: ML – Male labour (Rs. 300 / person), WL – Women labour (Rs. 250 / person)
• Harvesting and threshing
Sl. No. Particulars No. Required Cost (Rs.)/Unit Total cost
(Rs.) /(₹)
1. Cleaning + bagging 3 WL 250/person 750/-
2. Gunny bags 30 bags 3/bag 120/-
Total 870/-
NOTE: ML – Male labour (Rs. 300 / person), WL – Women labour (Rs. 250 / person)

• Marketing costs

Sl. No. Particulars No. Required Cost (Rs.)/Unit Total cost

(Rs.)/(₹)
1. Loading 2 ML 300/Person 600/-
2. Transportation - 3000/trip 4000/-
3. Unloading 2 ML 300/Person 600/-
4. Milling - 30/quintal 720/-
Total 4,920/-
NOTE: ML – Male labour (Rs. 300 / person), WL – Women labour (Rs. 250 / person)
• Total cost of production per acre

Sl. No. Particulars Cost (Rs.)/(₹)

Rental and electricity
1. 8,900/-
2. Depreciation of fixed assets 3,308/-
3. Machine Operating charges 2,679/-
Seed and sowing
4. 8,400/-
Farm inputs
5. 8,108/-
6. Harvesting and threshing 870/-
Marketing costs
7. 4,920/-
Miscellaneous charges
8. 2,600/-

Total 39,785/-
• Gross return

Sl. No. Particulars Quantity/Unit Cost (Rs.)/Unit Total cost

(Rs.)/(₹)
1. Rice grain 2400 kg 2040/100kg 48,960/-
2. Paddy straw 1600 kg 3500/1000kg 5,600/-
Total 54,5600/-

• Net income
Sl. No. Particulars Cost (Rs.)/(₹)

1. Gross income 54,560/-

2. Total expenditure 39,785/-
Net income 14,775/-

• Benefit cost ratio

Area sown Gross income (Rs.) Total expenditure (Rs.) Input-Output Ratio
1 acre 125,600/- 40,946/- 1:1.37
 INTRODUCTION OF MAIZE
• S.N – Zea mays
• C.N –2n =20
• Family – Poaceae
• Origin: Central America
 Maize is
known as  It is cross
queen of pollinated,
cereals monoecious,
plant, sensitive
 Grain contains to waterlogging
• 10%
Protein(zein)  India ranks
• 4% Oil 6th maize
 Yellow color due to
• 70% production in
Carbohydrates presence of
Cryptoxanthin world
 Emergence Black Layer
Dough Grain
Stage

Grain filling
Stage

8 key growth stages of

maize for crop
management

Weaning: 4-5
leaf stage

Silk initiation

Initiation of Ears: 8-10 leaf Tassel initiation

stage
COMMERCIAL GRAIN PRODUCTION OF MAIZE

SAAGHAN DON
 CROP CALENDAR FOR Kharif SEASON-30
ACRES (COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION)
Activities Date
Soil sample collection and testing 25 May, 2022
th

Ploughing of main field

1st ploughing 1st June – 15th June, 2022
2nd ploughing 22nd - 28th June, 2022
Seed material received 12th June, 2022
Germination test of maize 13th - 18th June, 2022
Mapping and demarcation of maize land 23rd -24th June, 2022
FYM application 4th -5th July, 2022
Fine ploughing with rotavator 1st July - 2nd August, 2022
Basal dose of fertilizer application 1st July-2nd August, 2022
Sowing of maize 1st July-2nd August, 2022
Application of pre emergence herbicide 1st July-2nd August, 2022
2nd dose of fertilizer application (urea) 21st August, 2022
Pesticide application 24th August
Tasselling date 29th August
Silking date 3rd September
Cob initiation date 17th September
Harvesting of maize 17th October- 19th October
 GERMINATION TEST

Saaghan Don

Germination test in trays Saaghan & Don

PROCESS OF PRODUCTION
1)LAYOUT PLANNING:

a) LOCATION :
R.Sitapur (30 acre)
 DON – 11.5 acre
 SAAGHAN – 18.5 acres
2) MAIN FIELD PREPARATION
a) First ploughing
 Ploughing should be done after putting the well fermented FYM (1.2 t/ha) as
organic fertilizer on the field.
 In the first time, plough the filed 5-8 cm.

FYM application 1st Ploughing

2) MAIN FIELD PREPARATION
b) Second ploughing
 The field should be ploughed second time just before seed sowing in line
with the application of basal dose of chemical fertilizers.
 Just before sowing / basal dose Urea – 30 Kg / acre, DAP- 85 Kg / acre
MOP- 45 Kg / acre.

2nd Ploughing and levelling 1st dose of fertilizer application

3) SEED SOWING:
 Each single maize seed was sown manually in a
line sowing manner following a spacing of
60×20cm. at the depth of 5cm and covered with
soil.

Line sowing (60x20)

 4) PRE-EMERGENCE HERBICIDE APPLICATION:
 Atrazine (300 g/acre ) was applied for the control of weeds in maize.

Atrazine Spraying of Atrazine

5) EARTHING UP:
Demarcation of maize plot Seedling stage

Crop growth analysis

6) FERTILIZER APPLICATION:
 At the time of Sowing / basal dose DAP- 85 Kg / acre MOP- 45 Kg / acre
Urea – 30 Kg / acre
 At earthing up stage (20-25 days after sowing) Urea – 25 kg / acre
 At knee high stage (30-40 days after sowing) Urea – 25 kg / acre
 At flowering stage (45-55 days after sowing) Urea – 25 kg / acre
 At milking stage (60-70 days after sowing) Urea – 25 kg / acre

2nd dose of fertilizer application

7) IRRIGATION :
• Critical stages for irrigation :
i) Seed immergence Stage- ( 1 - 7 days of
sowing )
ii) Knee High Stage- (30-40 days after sowing)
iii) Flowering Stage- (45-55 days after sowing)
iv) Milking Stage - (60-70 days after sowing)
v) Hardening Stage - (75-85 days after sowing) Monitoring critical stages for
8) ROUGHING : irrigation
9) FIELD INSPECTION :
 Field inspection will help to produce high quality seed by
controlling disease and pest attack and maintaining physical
purity.

Field monitoring by students

 Field evaluation by faculty

Field inspection of KVK and CUTM officials

DIFFERENT REPRODUCTIVE STAGES OF MAIZE

First Tasselling in maize First silking in maize

First cob formation in maize Grain formation in maize

 10) CROP PROTECTION
a) Weed control :

Pre & Post emergence herbicide application Weeding operation by student

b) Pest control
Fall armyworm infestation :

Entry of pest through

entry hole Larval stage Matured larvae

Cob eaten by pest Larvae Cob damages by pest

• Management of fall army warm
infestation :
 Emamectin benzoate sprayed at 0.4
g/liter of water applied to the maize
whorl or tip of a drooping leaf that
touched the soil.

Pesticide application in maize

11) QUADRANT DATA COLLECTION :

Plot No. of Plant No. of No. of Cob

no plants height rows grains/ length
(cms) row (cms)
53 135 161 16 36 15
103 108 130 14 30 12
118 153 170 16 36 18
106 153 170 16 36 17
153 144 165 16 36 15
Aver 140 160 16 35 16
age
11) KERNEL DATA COLLECTION:
Sample Length of No. of No. of Total no.of
no Cob(cms) Kernels kernel Kernels
per line per rows

1 15 34 14 476
2 12 28 14 392
3 10.5 28 14 392
4 16 35 14 490
5 14 32 14 448
6 12 27 16 432
7 14 29 18 522
8 10 27 14 378
9 11.5 30 16 480
10 8 25 14 350
Total 12.3 29.5 14.8 436
average
 12) HARVESTING:
 100-115 days after sowing (at 20-25% grain moisture) or, After
Black layer formed.
 Manual harvesting is done.

Crop cutting experiment Harvesting by students Harvested cobs

12) DEHUSKING AND SHELLING:
• Data of cobs weight after harvesting:
 Plot no: 118
 Total weight of cobs( with husk) -
15.300gm
 Total weight of cobs ( without husk) -
12.420 gm
 After drying of cobs - 10.9 kgs
Maize cobs

Dehusking of maize Shelling of maize ( 14-15% grain moisture)

13) CORN STOVER:
 Corn stover consists of the leaves, stalks, and cobs of maize
(corn) plants left in a field after harvest.
• Use:
 Fodder
 Litter

Corn stover Fodder

14) SEED QUALITY TESTING:
 Germination test, designed to determine the seed's capacity to
germinate and produce normal plants when sown under
appropriate conditions.
 Storage of grains at 10-12% grain moisture.

Harvested maize cob

  Financial analysis of maize:
• Rental value for Cost
Sl. No. Particulars (₹)/Acre
leased in land :
1. Land rent 6,000/-

Total 6,000/-
• Depreciation
Depreciation
Sl. No. Particulars Cost (₹) Expected life (₹)
1. Tractor 6,25,000 22 years 938/-
2. Rotovator 88,000 8 years 46/-
3. Land Leveller 25,700 8 years 14/-
4. Disc plough 65,000 8 years 244/-
Threshing
5. machine 60,000 10 years 180/-

Total 1422/-
 • Machine operator charges:
Sl. Time/ Total cost
No. Particulars Unit Fuel (₹)
1
1. Tractor(1 ploughing)
st
hour 4.5 lit 472/-
2. Tractor (2nd ploughing) 1 hour 4.5lit 472/-
3. Tractor with rotavator 1 hour 5 lit 525/-
Total 1,469/-

• Seed and sowing:

Total cost
Sl. No. Particulars Quantity Cost (₹)/Unit (₹)
1. Seed 10 kg 145/kg 1450/-
2. Labour (Sowing) 10 labours (WL) 250/Person 2500/-
Total 3,950/-

Note: W.L- Women Labour = 250/-

• Farm inputs:
Sl.
No. Particulars Quantity/Unit Cost (₹)/Unit Total cost (₹)
1. FYM 6 tonnes 300/tonne 1,800/-
2. Urea (2 splits) 55 kg 5.9/kg 324/-
3. DAP 85 kg 22.5/kg 1,912/-
4. MOP 45 kg 16/kg 720/-
5. Atrazine 300 g 170/250 g 204/-
6. Tembotrione 50 ml 1500/115ml 652/-

7. Emamectin benzoate 48 g 890/500 g 85/-

12 labours
8. Total labours required (M.L) 300/person 3600/-
Total 9,297 /-
Note: M.L- Male Labour = 300 Rs./person
 • Harvesting and threshing:
Sl. Cost Total cost (₹)
No. Particulars No. Required (₹)/Unit

1. Harvesting 5 labours (W.L) 250/person 1,250/-

Threshing and
2. bagging 3 labours [WL ] 250/person 750/-

3. Empty bags 30 bags 3/bag 90/-

Note: M.L - Male labour = 300/- , W.L - Women Labour = 250/-
Total 2,090/-
Note: M.L - Male labour = 300/- , W.L - Women Labour = 250/-

• Marketing costs:
Sl. No. Particulars No. Required Cost (₹)/Unit Total
cost(₹)
1. Loading 2 300/Person 600/-
2. Transportation 1 1500/person 1,500/-
3. Unloading 2 300/Person 600/-
Total 2700/-
 • Total cost of production per acre:
Sl. No. Particulars Cost (₹)
1. Rental and electricity 6,000/-
2. Depreciation 1,422/-
3. Machinery operating cost 1,469/-
4. Seed and sowing 3,950/-
5. Farm inputs 9,297/-
6. Harvesting and threshing 2,090/-
7. Marketing costs 2,700/-
8. Miscellaneous charges 2,000/-
Total 28,928/-

Sl. Cost Total

No. Particulars Quantity/Unit (₹)/Unit Cost (₹)

• Gross return: 1. Maize 1500 kg 25/kg 37,500/-

2. Dry matter 750 kg 3.75/kg
2813/-
Total 40,313/-
 • Net income:
Particulars Cost (₹)
Gross income 40,313/-
Total
expenditure 28,928/-
Net income 11,385/-

• Benefit cost Ratio:

Area sown Gross income (₹) Total expenditure Input-Output

(₹) Ratio

1 acre 40,313/- 28,928/- 1:1.39

 INTRODUCTION OF OKRA
 Common name:okra or lady’s finger
 Scientific name : Abelmoschus esculentus
 Family : Malvaceae
 Origin- India, Ethiopia.
 Chromosome number : 2n= 72, 130
Floral biology of okra
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF OKRA (Kashi shrishti -
VROH-12)

 Very high yield potential (18-19 t/ha), Medium tall and short
internodes and narrow angled 2-3 branch. Tolerant to YVMV,
dark green fruits, medium fruit length. Suitable for both summer
and Kharif season

Kashi Shristi (VROH-12)

• Crop calendar for kharif season okra seed production :
Sl. No. Activities Date
1. Soil sample collection and testing 25 May
th

2. Seed material received 29th June

3. Germination test of okra 1st July
4. Mapping and demarcation of okra 29th June
5. Ploughing of main field
1st ploughing 2nd July
2nd ploughing with ridge and FYM application 7th July

Basal dose fertilizer application and furrow bed 7th July

6. preparation
7. Sowing of okra seeds 8th-13th July
8. Application of herbicide 10th and 15th July
10. 2nd dose of fertilizer application 10th August -15 August
11. Application of water-soluble fertilizer 12th August
12. Emasculation and pollination 24th August-25th Sep.
13. 3rd dose of fertilizer application 28th August-1 Sep.
14. Harvesting 29th Sep.-30th Oct.
15. Threshing & packaging 30th Sep.-30th Oct.
 1. LAND PREPARATION:

Location :R.Sitapur
Area: 1 acre

Land preparation:

Ploughing Ridge and furrow bed preparation

 2. Seed & sowing:
 Line Sowing:. Spacing is 22.5 to 30 cm between lines and 8 to 10cm
within a line.
 Planting ratio: 4 females and 1 male line
 Seed rate : Female 3.20kgs
Male: 800gms
 Parental line : Kashi Shristi
 Depth of the seed : 2cm
 Spacing: 45 cm × 20 cm (spring summer crop) and 60 cm × 30 cm (rainy
season crop)

Seeds of parental lines of okra line sowing of parental lines @4:1 ratio
3. Fertilizer application:
 Spraying of fertilizer: Using Knapsack sprayer
 Fertilizer dosage: Urea- 104.2 kg/ac
DAP: 62.5 kg/ac
MOP: 50kg/ac

Seerin Fertilizer application (first and second doses)

 4. Irrigation :
 First irrigation is given
just after sowing

5. Intercultural operations:

Weeding Roughing & thinning

6. Emasculation and pollination:

Development of bud Emasculation

Emasculated bud Pollination

 Demonstration of emasculation &
Tagging pollination

Emasculation & pollination by students

7. CROP PROTECTION:
a) Disease management:
 Cercospora Leaf Spots:
Causal organism: Cercospora malayensis, C. Abelmoschi

 Vein-Clearing/Yellow Vein Mosaic:

Causal organism: Bhindi yellow vein mosaic virus

Cercospora Leaf Spots YVMV disease in okra

b) Application of fungicide and insecticide:
 Application of insecticide [pegasus] @25gms/30lit of water for
controlling pest effect in the field
 Application of fungicide [octopus @15ml in 15lit of water +17gms of
zinc ]
 And application of SAAF after the application if OCTOPUS fungicide
the composition is as same as 30gms of saaf+17gms of zinc [chelated
zinc].

Application of fungicide and insecticide

8. Field inspection :
 Minimum of 3 inspections shall be made,
1st before flowering.
2nd during peak flowering and fruiting stage.
3rd at mature fruit stage and prior to harvesting.
 Daily we students monitored the field..
 Field inspection by DAO and KVK scientists for the observation of
activities in the field.

Visit of KVK scientists to the farm and daily visits by students

 9. Harvesting :
• The pods are harvested using the sickle and the harvesting is done
according to the lines that is –
• Pods from the male line
• Pods that are emasculated and pollinated ( F1 Identified by tags)
• Pods that are developed with no emasculation i.e. . Selfed or
Females

Harvesting of parental lines (M,F& F1) Dried fruit

Harvested pods parental lines (M, F&F1)
10. Seed extraction:
• Drying & Threshing & packaging:

Drying of pods Threshing Cleaning

Okra seeds of parental lines Measuring weight of okra seeds

Packaging of seeds Packed okra seeds

 Financial analysis of hybrid okra per acre:
• Rental value
Particulars Rate (₹) /Acre
Land rent 7000 /-
Total 7000/-

• Depreciation of fixed assets

Sl. No. Particulars Quantity Cost (₹) Expected life Depreciation (₹)
1. Cultivator 1 6,65,000 20 years 2993/-
2. Rotavator 1 88,000 8 years 990/-
Total 3983/-

Machine operating charges

Sl. No. Particulars Time/Unit Operator Total cost (₹)
1. Tractor 2 hours 1 600/-
2. Total Fuel charges 8 litres - 840/-
Total 1440/-
 • Seed and sowing :
Sl. Particulars Quantity Cost (₹)/Unit Total cost (₹)
No.
1. Seed (Kashi Shristi 4 kg (M-800gm, 750/kg 3,000/-
(VROH -12) F-3.2kg)
2. Labour ( Ridge & 3 labour (M.L) 300/Person 900 Rs
Furrows)
3. Sowing 3 labour (M.L) 300/Person 900/-
Total 4800/-
• Farm inputs :
Sl. No. Particulars Quantity/Unit Cost (₹)/Unit Total cost
(₹)
1. FYM 8 tonnes 300/tonne 2400/-
2. Urea (2 splits) 45 kg 5.9/kg 265/-
3. Herbicides 1L 350/L 350/-
(Pendimethalin 30% EC)
4. Water soluble fertilizers 1L 1200/L 1200/-
(AK Spreader)
5. Macro fertilizers 1 bag 270/bag 270/-
6. Water soluble fertilizers 1 bag 4200/bag 4200/-
(12:61:00)
7. Application (labours) 5 labours (M.L) 300 (M.L)/person 1500/-
Total 10,185/-
NOTE: M.L – Male labour (cost – 300 Rs. / person), W.L – Women labour (250 Rs. / person)
• Emasculation and Pollination
Particulars No required No of days Cost (Rs.)/ unit Total cost (Rs.)
Emasculation & 5 (W.L) 32 250 Rs 40,000 Rs
Pollination
Breeder kits 5 kits - 540/kit 2,700 Rs
Total 42,700/-

• Harvesting and threshing

Sl. No. Particulars No. Required Cost (₹)/Unit Total cost (₹)
1. Harvesting 15 (3 splits) (W.L) 250/person 3750/-
2. Threshing (manually) 5 (2 days) (M.L) 300/person 3,000/-
3. Bagging 2 labours (W.L) 250/person 500/-
4. Gunny bags 15 bags 3/bag 45/-
Total 7,295/-
NOTE: M.L – Male labour (cost – 300 Rs. / person), W.L – Women labour (250 Rs. / person)
• Marketing costs
Sl. No. Particulars No. Required Cost (₹)/Unit Total cost (₹)
1. Loading & 2 labours (M.L) 400/Person 800/-
Unloading
2. Transportation 1 Driver (M.L) 1000/trip 1000/-
Total 1800/-
NOTE: M.L – Male labour (cost – 300 Rs. / person), W.L – Women labour (250 Rs. / person)
• Total cost of production per acre
Sl. No. Particulars Cost (₹)
1. Rental 7,000/-
2. Depreciation of fixed assets 3,983/-
3. Operator charges 1,440/-
4. Seed and sowing 4,800/-
5. Farm inputs 10,185/-
6. Emasculation & Pollination 42,700/-
7. Harvesting and threshing 7,295/-
8. Marketing costs 1,800/-
9. Miscellaneous charges 2,000/-
Total 81,203/-
• Gross return

Sl. No. Particulars Quantity/Unit Cost (₹)/Unit Total cost

(₹)
1. Okra seed 250 kg 2000/kg 5,00,000/-
Total 5,00,000/-
 • Net income
Particulars Cost (₹)
Gross income 5,00,000/-
Total expenditure 81,203/-
Net income 4,18,797

• Benefit Cost Ratio

Area sown Gross income (₹) Total Input-Output Ratio
expenditure(₹)
1 acre 5,00,000 81,203 1:6.15
 RURAL HAAT
 At Seed Production unit stall our product of selling was "DIAFIT rice (RNR
15048)".
 This rice is manufactured by the GRAM TARANG FOODS PVT LTD in
Centurion University of Technology and Management and marketed across
various states of India (Andra Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha).

1st Rural Haat 2nd Rural Haat

Pamphlet of DiaFit Rice
Our stall at Rural Haat
 Price and Selling
 Price of DiaFit rice bags: 1kg- 52 Rs/-
5kg- 260 Rs/-
25kg- 1200 Rs/-

 Sells at Rural Haat:

Rural Haat Amount of Amount (₹)

Rice Sold
(in kg)
Rural Haat 1 25 1300
(17/9/22)
Rural Haat 2 25 1300
(22/10/22)

Total 2600
EDUCATIONAL TOUR
to
ICAR-NATIONAL RICE
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
 ICAR-NRRI
 It was established in the year 1946
 Earlier known as CENTRAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE.
 Later it changed into NATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE in
the year 2015.

Visit of seed production unit students at ICAR-NRRI

  Purpose of visit:
• To discuss regarding classes of seeds, production of nucleus and breeder
seeds and also production of hybrid rice varieties with desirable
characters.
• To acquire knowledge about NRRI, and how it helps such a disastrous
situation culminated in the great Bengal famine of 1943.
• To intensify research on all aspects of rice crop.
• To acquire knowledge about how to develop and disseminate eco-friendly
technologies to enhance productivity, profitability and sustainability of
rice cultivation
 Resource persons met during visit:

1. Dr. Sudipta Pal, Senior Scientist, Social Science Department, Cuttack, Odisha
2. Dr. Anil Kumar. Scientist, Crop Improvement Division, Cuttack, Odisha
3. Dr. Sushanth Mohapatra, Social Science Department, Cuttack, Odisha
4. Dr. A.K. Suman, Farm section, Technician, Cuttack, Odisha
5. Lab technician, Seed Processing Unit, Cuttack, Odisha
 Session :1

Lecture by Dr.Anil Kumar [Dept. of Crop Improvement]

Session :2

Demonstration of various purity tests by technical in-charge

 Session :3

Demonstration of grading equipment by technical in-charge

Session :4

Visit to Oryza Museum

Session :5

Demonstration of farm equipment by technical in-charge

Session :6

Visit to field trails farm

 CHALLENGING TASK
IN
BIOPESTICIDE LABORATORY

Presented By-
KUNA MOHAN KRISHNA : 190804130070
KOMMERLA KEERTHANA RAJAN : 190804130082
SRINANDA MONDAL: 190804130217

Guided By-
Dr. Ritesh Kumar
(Asst. Prof., Plant Pathology)
 ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF
Trichoderma sp. FROM DIFFERENT PLANTS
(RHIZOSPHERE)
 What is Trichoderma spp.?

Mode of action of Trichoderma spp. Culture of Trichoderma spp.

STEPS OF ISOLATION OF TRICHODERMA SPP.

Collection of Soil Sample

Preparation of media

Sterilization of media and implements

Plating/Pouring of media into Petri plates

Serial dilution

Inoculation into media and spreading

Incubation
 Collection of Soil Sample
Sl. Crop Region No. of samples
No.
1 Chilli Pudini Village 1
2 Spinach Ranadevi Village 1
3 Amaranthus R.Sitapur 1
4 Bottle gourd Ranadevi 1
5 Mango Pudini Village 1

Soil sample collection

 Preparation of media:

Trichoderma harzianum selective Weighting media Measuring distilled water and pouring
agar base media distilled water into conical flask and test tubes

Pouring media into conical flask Plugging of cotton plugs to the conical Final TSM media
and mixing of media flasks and test tubes before sterilization
Sterilization of media and implements:

Plating/ pouring of media into petri plates:

Serial dilution:

Measuring soil sample 10-1 serial dilution

10-2 serial dilution

Inoculation into media and spreading:

Inoculation & Spreading Marking sample

Petri plates sealed with parafilm

Incubation:
Result after inoculation

Images of petri plates after 3-5 days

Subculturing of selected fungal colonies:

Media preparation Pouring media preparation

Solidification of media for

subculturing
Subculturing of selected colonies

Marking and incubating

 Confirmation of Trichoderma spp. strains

After subculturing & incubation Performing microscopy

Phialide
Financial analysis: Non-recurring expenditure
SL. NO. ITEMS NO. OF UNIT PRICE PER UNIT (Rs.) COST (Rs.)
1 Autoclave 1 50,000.00 50,000.00
2 Laminar air flow 1 75,000.00 75,000.00
3 Air conditioner (1.5 ton) 1 30,000 30,000
4 Microscope 1 50,000.00 50,000.00
5 Homogenizer 2 3000.00 6,000.00
6 Heater 2 750.00 1500.00
7 Balance 2 10,000.00 10,000.00
8 500ml flask 150 200 30,000.00
9 250ml flask 40 150 6000.00
10 Rooh bottle 1500 5 7500.00
11 Measuring cylinder 5 500 2500.00
12 Mug 10 25 250.00
13 Bucket 10 100 1000.00
14 Funnel 10 20 200.00
15 Pipette 5 100 500.00
16 Spatula 5 100 500.00
17 Refrigerator 1 25000.00 25000.00
18 pH meter 1 10000.00 10,000.00
19. Single distillation unit 1 25000.00 25,000.00
20. BOD incubator 1 70,000.00 70,000.00
TOTAL 4,009,50.00
Recurring expenditure:
NO. OF
PRICE/ UNIT COST/MONTH
SL. NO. ITEMS UNIT/MONT
(Rs.) (Rs.)
H
1 Molasses 10 kg 50/kg 500.00
2 Yeast 1.5 kg 300/kg 450.00
Carboxymethyl
3 5 kg 200/kg 1000.00
cellulose
4 Talc 800 kg 12/kg 9600.00

5 Polypropylene packets 100 kg 150/kg 15000.00

6 Non absorbent cotton 5 kg 400/kg 2000.00

7 Electricity bill 2500.00

8 Room (1000 sq ft) 9000/month 9000.00

9 Skilled labour (2) 10 days 400/day 8000.00

10 Unskilled labour (5) 25 days 330/day 41,250.00

11 Miscellaneous 2500.00
TOTAL 91,800.00
 Financial Analysis
Total non recurring expenditure = Rs. 400950.00
Total recurring expenditure per month = Rs. 91,800.00
Annual interest to be paid in bank = (Rs. 5.0 lakhs × 10 %) = Rs. 50,000 per year
=Rs. 4167 per month

Annual depreciation on fixed assets (@ 10.0%) = Rs. 40095/- per year = Rs. 3341.25 per month
Total overhead expenditure on materials @ 5% = Rs. 2127.50
Total overhead expenditure on man-hour @ 5% = Rs. 2462.50
Total expenditure per month = Rs. (91800+4167+3341+2127.5+2462.5)
= Rs. 1,03,898.00

The cost of production of a single packet = Rs. 1,03,898÷5000 =Rs. 20.77

With 35 % profit margin the selling price of 5000 packets Rs. (103898+ (103898×35 %)) = Rs. 140262.3
will be =
The selling price of a single packet = Rs. (140262.3÷5000) = Rs. 28.05

Thus, from this enterprise the monthly profit can be obtained as Rs. (140262.3 – 103898) = Rs. 36,364.30 and
yearly profit can be obtained as Rs. 4,36,371.60
 CHALLENGING TASK
IN
BIO-FERTILIZER LABORATORY

PRESENTED BY
KAKARA.SOUJANYA {190804130265}
PUSAPATI.KIREETI VARMA{190804130287}
THUMPALA. VASANTHA {1908041303O2}

GUIDED BY:
Dr. B. PRAVEEN SIR
 Introduction:
A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganism
which when applied to seeds, plant surfaces or soil, colonizes the
rhizosphere or interior of the plant and promotes growth by
increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host
plants.
Bio-fertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen
fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth
through the synthesis of growth promoting substances.
.
Types of Bio-Fertilizers:

Based on type of microorganism, the bio-fertilizer can also

be classified as follows:

 Bacterial Biofertilizers: e.g. Rhizobium, Azospirillum,

Azotobacter, Phosphobacteria.

 Fungal Biofertilizers: e.g. Mycorhiza

 Algal Biofertilizers: e.g. Blue Green Algae (BGA) and Azolla.

 Actinomycetes Biofertilizer: e.g. Frankia.

Rhizobium Azospirillum

Azolla Azatobactor
 RHIZOBIUM
Rhizobium: Rhizobium is relatively more effective and widely used
biofertilizer. Rhizobium, in association with legumes, fixes atmospheric N.
 Successful nodulation of leguminous crop by rhizobium
largely depends on the availability of a compatible stain for a
particular legume.
 Rhizobium population in the soil is dependent on the presence of
legumes crops in field. In the absence of legumes the population of
rhizobium in the soil diminishes.

Name Crop suited Benefits usually seen Remarks

Rhizobium Legumes like 10-35% yield increase, Fodders give better

50200 kg N/ha. results. Leaves
pulses groun nut residual N in the soil.
 AZOSPIRILLUM
 Azospirillum is known to have a close associative symbiosis with the
higher plant system.
 These bacteria have association with cereals like; sorghum, maize,
pearl millet, finger millet, foxtail millet and other minor millets and
also fodder grasses.

Name/ Crops suited Benefits usually remarks

seen
Azospirillum Non-legumes like maize, 10-20% yield Fodders give
barley, oats, sorghum, increase higher/enriches fodder
millet, Sugarcane, rice etc response. Produces
growth promoting
substances. It can be
applied to legumes as co-
inoculant.
 AZOTOBACTER

 It is a common soil bacterium.

 A. chrococcum is present widely in Indian soil.
 Soil organic matter is the important factor that decides the growth of
this bacteria.

Name Crops suited Benefits nusually remarks

seen
Azotobacter Soil treatment for non- 10-15% yield increase- Also controls certain
legume crops including dry adds 20-25 kg N/ha diseases.
land crops
 Equipment used for developing of Bio-fertilizer

Autoclave Hot air oven pH metre

Colony counter
Laminar air flow Incubator orbital shaker
Procedure to make pure culture:
 Collection of soil sample: Soil is collected at a depth of 6-15cm, after
discarding the soil from top 5cm.Samples are collected from soils and
rhizosphere of plants like rice, French bean, Chili, Brinjal.

 Sterilization of Glassware:- Hot air oven is the most widely used

method of sterilization by dry heat at 160°C -170°C for 1 hour. It is used
to sterilize glassware like test tubes, conical flask, Petri dishes, beakers,
measuring cylinders etc.
 Preparation of Media:- According to the formulation the media is prepared and
the pH is adjusted.

 Sterilization of Prepared Media: The prepared media is kept it Autoclave at

121oC (15 psi) around 15-20 min.

• Serial dilution:

 First 10 gm of soil sample is taken in a beaker and about 90ml of

sterile distilled water is added in it and then it is kept in shaker at 200
rpm for 10-15 min.
 Then 6 sterile test tubes are taken and are marked from 10-1 -10-6
and are filled with 9ml of distilled water and are plugged with cotton
• All the 6 test tubes are taken to laminar air flow chamber for
further dilution.

• The soil solution is also taken to laminar air flow chamber and
then 1ml of the soil solution is transferred to 10 -1 dilution then
the process is continued till 10-6.

Serial dilution
 Inoculation into Media:-

• For last 3 dilutions i.e. 10-4, 10-5, 10-6 each 3 petri plates are
taken to prevent errors.

• Then with the help of micropipette 0.1ml of diluted solution

is transferred into petri plates and with a sterilized spreader
the solution is spread and then sealed with parafilm.

• A control plate is also taken where dilution solution is not

added.

Sterilizing of work space {laminar

air flow}
Sterilizing of petri plates Inoculation of media in zig-zag pattern
containing mother culture

Media in incubator cum orbital shaker

for incubation process
 Formulations for various media preparations
• Rhizobium:
Ingredients Gm/L
Di-potassium 1gm
hydrogen phosphate

Magnesium sulphate 0.2gm

Sodium chloride 0.2gm

Ferrous sulphate Trace
Mannitol 20gm
Agar 15gm
• Azotobacter agar (mannitol) : • KING’S B
Ingredients Gm/L MEDIA :
Ingredients Gm/L
Mannitol 10gm
Peptone 20gm
Dipotassium 0.5gm Di-potassium 1.5gm
phosphate hydrogen
Magnesium 0.2gm phosphate
sulphate Magnesium 1.5gm
Yeast extract 1gm sulphate
heptahydrate
Sodium chloride 0.1gm
Agar 20gm
Agar 20gm
 Financial Analysis
SL. No. Particulars Amount(Rs.)/(₹)

A. Capital investment(Fixed capital)

i. Land and Building 4,98,000/-

ii Equipments and apparatus 2,76,368/-

iii Misc. Fixed assets 12,606/-

Total Fixed Cost 7,86,974/-
B. Operational cost(Variable cost)

i. Working capital 11,550/-

ii. Labour 0
iii. Electricity 2,000/-
iv. Repairs and maintenance 500/-
v. Travelling expenses 0
vi Administrative expenses 1,000/-
Total variable cost 15,050/-
Actual initial investment of the project (A + B) for 6 8,02,024/-
months
CHALLENGING TASK - MUSHROOM UNIT
BY
M.SHINY SHIZA- 190804130083
KARAN VISHNU- 290804130260
B. MANIKANTA NAIDU- 190804130266
GUIDED BY: Dr. SIDDHARTHA DAS
 PADDY STRAW MUSHROOM
INTRODUCTION:
 Volvariella volvacea is a type of consumable mushroom developed all through East and Southeast
Asia and used widely in Asian foods.

 They are in many cases accessible in the new districts they are developed, however somewhere
else they are even more regularly viewed as canned or dried.

CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom: Fungi
Division : Basidiomycota
Class : Agaricomycetes
Order : Agaricales
Family : Pluteaceae
Genus : Volvariella
Species : volvacea
PROCEDURE:
 COST OF CULTIVATION
Sl. NO. ITEMS QUANTITY PRICE Cost/(₹)
(Rs/Unit)
1 Paddy Straw 14 3/- 42
Bundles
2 Spawn Bottle 1 20/- 20
3 Pulses 100 10/- 10
Powder
TOTAL 72

 Yield: 1kg per 1 bed

 Gross Income (Return): 240 Rs

 Cost of Cultivation: 72 Rs

 Net Income: Gross income – Cost of Cultivation = 240-72=168

 Cost Benefit Ratio: Gross income/Cost of Cultivation = 240-72=3.33

 COMPOSITION, NUTRITIONAL VALUE & CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

• COMPOSITION:

Paddy straw bundles (45cm)

Lime(500g)

Formalin (20 ml)

Spawn Bottles

Gram Flour Powder (Besan)

Polyethylene sheets
• CLIMATIC CONDITIONS:
 Temperature – 28 to 32oc
 Humidity – 80 – 85%
 Light – 1000 LUX
 pH – 6.5-7
 BUTTON MUSHROOM

CLASSIFICATION:

Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Agaricus
Species: Bisporus

CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS:
 Temperature – 20 to 28C
 Relative humidity – 80 to 90%
PROCESS OF CULTIVATION
BENIFITS OF BUTTON MUSHROOM
 OYSTER MUSHROOM
CLASSIFICATION:

Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Pleurotus
Genus: ostreatus

CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS:
 Temperature - 20 - 30⁰C
 Humidity - 55-70%
PROCESS OF CULTIVATION OF OYSTER MUSHROOM
How to Cultivate Oyster Mushroom
 COST OF CULTIVATION:
Sl. No. ITEMS QUANTITY PRICE (Rs)/(₹) COST (Rs)/(₹)

1. Paddy Straw 5 10/- 50

2. PP Bags 1 5/- 5

3. Spawn 100 g 100/kg 10

TOTAL 65

 Yield: 2kg per 1 bed

 Gross Income (Return): 300 Rs (Per kg rate Rs.150)
 Cost of Cultivation: 65 Rs
 Net Income: Gross income – Cost of Cultivation = 300-65= 235Rs
 Cost Benefit Ratio: Gross income/Cost of Cultivation = 300/65 = 4.61 Rs per bed.
 MILKY MUSHROOM
CLASSIFICATION:

Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Lyophyllaceae
Genus: Calocybe
Species: indica

CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS:

 Temperature - 25 - 35⁰C
 Relative Humidity - 80-85%
 Light intensity – 200LUX
BENEFITS OF OYSTER MUSHROOM
SOP
 Cost of Cultivation

SL. NO. ITEMS QUALITY PRICE COST(₹)

(Rs/unit)/(₹)
1 Wheat Straw 4kg 15 60
2 PP Bags 1 5 5
3 Spawn 100gm 110kg 11
4 Casting Soil 800gm/bag 4.64/- (5 5
(Cow Dung, approx.)
Cocopeat,
Vermicompost,
Sand)
TOTAL 81
BENEFITS OF MILKY MUSHROOM
 CONCLUSION
From the AELP sessions under seed production unit, we learnt about the hybrid seed
production of okra and commercial seed production of paddy hybrid M-1011 and
maize (Saaghan and Don). We got a clear-cut idea about the crop botany, nursery
preparation, sowing of paddy, maize and okra. This is long term project which
involves all activities like sowing, crop protection, harvesting, seed extraction and
marketing) of commercial seed production of paddy hybrid M-1011 and maize
(Saaghan and Don) and also hybrid seed production of okra -Kashi Shristi (VROH-
12). We have learnt hybridization techniques (hand emasculation & pollination)
method for developing F1 seeds in okra.
THANK YOU