MASTER OF ARTS IN INDUSTRIAL

EDUCATION
Hotel and Restaurant Management
Code: MF 602
Subject: Basic and Inferential
Statistics

Time: 2:00-5:00PM
Topic: T-Test and Interpretation of
P-value and significance level
Discuss
ant
Nomel Joy S. Familara
Topic:
• One-sample and two-sample z-tests for
means and proportions
• t-tests (one-sample, independent
samples, paired samples)
• Interpretation of p-values and
significance levels
Objecti
ves:
At the end of the discussion, the learners
should be able to:
• Understand the purpose and application of
t-tests in hypothesis testing.
• Learn how to conduct independent and
paired t-tests.
• Interpret p-values and significance levels
in the context of statistical analysis.
Let us
define
Z-test
INSPIRED BY
Z-test
A z-test is a statistical
method used to determine
whether there is a significant
difference between sample
data and population data, or
between two sample groups.

INSPIRED BY
What is
the
purpose
of
INSPIRED BY
Purpose of Z-
The z-testtest
helps in:
• Comparing sample means or proportions
to a known population mean or
proportion.
• Comparing the means or proportions of
two independent samples.
Assumption of Z-
test
For a z-test to be valid, certain assumptions must be
met:
• The data should be approximately normally
distributed.
• The sample size should be large (typically n>30
n > 30) or the population variance should be
known.
• The data should be independent.
Types of
z-test

INSPIRED BY
When to
use
T-test?
INSPIRED BY
Use of T-test
• A t-test can only be used when comparing the means of
two groups (a.k.a. pairwise comparison).
• The t-test is a parametric test of difference, meaning that
it makes the same assumptions about your data as other
parametric tests. The t test assumes your data:
1. are independent
2.are (approximately) normally distributed
3. have a similar amount of variance within each group
being compared (a.k.a. homogeneity of variance)
What type of
t-test should
I use?
INSPIRED BY
 Type of t-test
A t-test is a statistical test used to determine if there is a
significant difference between the means of two groups.here
are three main types of t-tests:
 Independent t-
test
This is used when comparing the means of two
independent groups. For example, you might use an
independent t-test to compare the average test
scores of boys and girls in a class.

Example:
Paired t-test
This is used when comparing the means of two related groups. For
example, you might use a paired t-test to compare the before and
after scores of a group of people who participated in a weight loss
program.

Example:
 One-sample
t-test
This is used to compare the mean of a single sample to a
known population mean. For example, you might use a one-
sample t-test to compare the average height of a group of
students to the known average height of the population.

Example:
Choosing the
Right t-test

INSPIRED BY
 Choice of t-test
The choice of t-test depends on the nature of your data and
research question. Here are some factors to consider:

Independence of groups: If the groups are

independent, use an independent t-test. If the groups are
related (e.g., before and after measurements), use a
paired t-test.
Number of groups: A one-sample t-test is used when
comparing a single sample to a known population mean.
Understandin
g the
Probability
Value
(p-value)
INSPIRED BY
 Probability Value
(p-value)
The p-value estimates how likely it is that
you would see the difference described by
the test statistic if the null hypothesis of
no relationship were true.
 Example of (p-
value)
The p-value estimates how likely it is that you would see the difference described
by the test statistic if the null hypothesis of no relationship were true.

P O P U L AT I O N SAMPLE

I t is u
repr sed to
esen
po pu t the
lation
a stu in
dy.
 Referenc
e
• https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/t-test/

• https://study.com/learn/lesson/t-test-calculation-
value-chart.html.html

• https://www.youtube.com/watchv=VekJxtk4BYM
 ANSWER KEY

Quick Check
If the school has 200 students, which of the statements can be true?

The total number of students Additiona

The population is 200 l I nfo
is the population.
Using a sa
mple
instead of
the
The sample can include 220 The sample size is always population
is
also more
students from the school smaller than the population. cost-effec
tive
and easier
to
process.
Asking a sample will be faster Since the size is smaller, it
than asking the population saves time to ask just the
sample.
How would you
select a sample
from the 200
students in your
school to
determine their
most SA M
The p PLING
gettin rocess of
loved and liked g sam
from
popu the
p l es

subject? lation
 Sampling
REM E M B E R Techniques
A sample must represent the This is why choosing the
entire population. appropriate technique from
the list below is important.
A sample must not be biased.
• Convenience
• Simple Random
This means that all members have • Stratification
an equal chance of being selected. • Systematic
 Sampling
If every
Techniques
is equal to 10 students and the sample size must be 60,
inspect how each technique can be used.

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

The sample was selected as the

The sample is chosen randomly, providing
first listed group. The technique was
equal chances for all members.
chosen for its simplicity.
 Sampling
Techniques
60 sample
200 population
S T R AT I F I C AT I O N
Dividing the sample into subgroups
before drawing random samples Level Total Number Proportional Number

Year 7 30 30 × 60/200 = 9

Year 8 30 9

Year 9 40 40 × 60/200 = 12

Year 10 30 9

Year 11 30 9

Year 12 40 12

P O P U L AT I O N = 2 0 0 SAMPLE = 60
 Sampling
S Y S T E M AT I C S A M P L I N G
Techniques
Selecting one member for every
nth of the population.
Example

The 200 students'

names may be listed
alphabetically then
every 3rd student will
be part of the sample.

Note
The startin
g point ma
be chosen y
at random
.
 Let's Practice!
Identify the sampling technique used in each scenario.

Every tenth person All the names of the The first 20 people who
boarding a plane was given parents were placed in a basket, passed by were chosen
a questionnaire. then 20 were selected to review the taste of
to join the activity. the chocolate bar.
 ANSWER KEY

Let's Practice!
Identify the sampling technique used in each scenario.

CONVENIENCE
S T R AT I F I C AT I O N SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING

Every tenth person All the names of the The first 20 people who
boarding a plane was given parents were placed in a basket, passed by were chosen
a questionnaire. then 20 were selected to review the taste of
to join the activity. the chocolate bar.
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