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Rabies

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Athmika Yv
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10 views

Rabies

Uploaded by

Athmika Yv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RABIES VIRUS

Morphology
1. Bullet-shaped when seen
by electron microscope,
size — 76 x 175 nm .
2. A neurotropic virus.
3. family Rhabdoviridae

4. Nucleocapsid shows
helical symmetry and
contains a single-
stranded unsegmented
RNA genome and a viral
transcriptase.
5. Outer lipoprotein envelope contains protruding
haemagglutinating peplomer spikes, 10 nm long.
• Single stranded RNA
• Negative-sense.
• knob-like spikes composed
of Glycoprotein G.
Life cycle
Resistance
The virus is highly resistant against cold,
dryness, decay etc. and remains infective for
several weeks in the cadaver.

Rabies virus is sensitive to alcohol and lipid


solvents (ether, chloroform and acetone) and
quartenary ammonium compounds.

They are inactivated by phenol, formalin,


beta propiolactone, sunlight, ultraviolet
radiation and heat (50°C for 1 hour and 60°C
for 5 minutes).
Antigenic properties
Rabies viruses of man and animal all over the
world appear to be of a single antigenic type.

(i) G. protein: The envelope glycoprotein is


strongly antigenic and antibody against G
protein is protective.
(ii) M. protein (internal membrane protein) and
N protein (nucleoprotein) have no virus
neutralizing activity.

(iii) Haemagglutinin (HA) HA shows


haemagglutinating activity, best seen with
goose erythrocytes.
Pathogenesis
 Rabies is a natural infection of dogs,
foxes, wolves, skunks, cats and
bats. Fox, vampire bats and dogs
are important maintenance hosts.
Infected bats are constantly
viraemic but are usually
asymptomatic.
 Man is most frequently
infected by bites of dogs, but
cats and other animals may be
responsible.
Saliva containing viruses is deposited in
the wound. If the area is not cleaned and
cauterized, rabies develops in about half of
such cases.
 Infection may also be acquired from
aerosols of virus or contaminated
dust of an area housing infected bats.

 Incubation period varies from 1-3


months, sometimes may be short (10
days) particularly in children and with
wounds on face and neck.
 The virus probably multiplies in
nerves and muscles locally and
spreads along peripheral nerves and
ascends to CNS (spinal cord and
brain).
 It multiplies in brain and causes
encephalitis. The virus spreads widely
from brain along the nerve trunks to
salivary glands and other tissues.
Clinical features
Symptoms may include:
Anxiety, stress, and tension
Drooling
Convulsions
Exaggerated sensation at the bite site
Excitability
Loss of feeling in an area of the body
Loss of muscle function
Low-grade fever (102 degrees F or lower)
Muscle spasms
Numbness and tingling
Pain at the site of the bite
Restlessness
Swallowing difficulty (drinking causes spasms of the
Laboratory Diagnosis

Demonstration of virus in rabid animals


is more important than that in patients’.
Prophylaxis
A. Pre-exposure prophylaxis: It is
necessary for persons who handle
potentially infected animals. Two
intradermally injections of 0.1 ml. of
human diploid cell strain vaccine are
given at 4 weeks interval. This is
followed by yearly boosters.
 Post exposure prophylaxis:
The wound is thoroughly cleansed first with water and soap and
then with quaternary ammonium detergent (Cetavlon) or
tincture iodine or alcohol.
 Damaged tissue excised and wound is left unsutured. Rabies
can be prevented if treatment is initiated in a day or two of
biting.
 The biting animal should be kept in strict isolation, if possible,
for 10 days.
 If it remains healthy after 10 days, rabies may be excluded.
When the risk of rabies is great, individuals should be given
post-exposure prophylaxis by hyperimmune serum and vaccine.
Vaccine
Paesteur first (1885) developed attenuated
rabies vaccine by drying spinal cords of
infected animals. Vaccines are of two
categories — neural and non- neural . Because
of some risks with neural vaccine, nonneural
vaccines are being used increasingly.
Prevention and Control
Control measures include vaccination of
household dogs by a Flury (Live) canine
vaccine, destruction of spray dogs and control
measures on wild life.

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