Electricity:

• Content :
• Voltage , current , resistance
• Ohm’s law,
• Resistivity,
• Temperature COEFFICIENT of
resistance
• Series and parallel resistance,
• voltage divider circuit, current divider
circuit.
*Electrical Terminology (Definition of
Electric Current , Voltage ,Resistance
Electric Power and the units)

*Ohms Law

•Resistivity
•Temperature coefficient of resistance

*Series resistance

•Voltage divider

•Parallel resistance

•current divider

•Compound circuit.
 Outcome of the session:
At the end of the session you will be able to

Define the Electric Current , Voltage ,Resistance and the

units.
Know Ohm’s law and solve problems using ohm’s law
Know the Electric power and its unit

•Know the Resistivity is the property of the material

•Know how the resistance varies with Temperature

Define and distinguish between series and parallel circuit.

Solve problems related with series and parallel circuit

Know the voltage divided and current divider circuit and

solve unknown parameters using these circuits.
 Introducti
on
Current electricity is the flow of electrons (flow of
electrical charge)
The relationship between voltage ,resistance and
current at a constant temperature is expressed in
Ohm's Law .

Ohm's Law is V = IR,

Ohm’s law application :Series circuit and parallel

circuit ,compound circuit
lamps are always connected in parallel

(except Christmas Tree Lights or Fairy Lights, where

the large mains voltage is conveniently divided
between the lamps (Series circuit)
 REVIEW:

In conductive materials, the outer electrons in each

atom can easily come or go, and are called free
electrons.

 All metals are electrically conductive.

 Dynamic electricity, or electric current, is the

uniform motion of electrons through a conductor.
 Voltage

Voltage is electrical pressure also

known as EMF (Electro Motive Force)
that pushes electrons.
- has units of Volts (V) and is
measured using voltmeters.
 Current:

 Current: The rate of flow of electric charge

(electron) .
 It’s unit is Ampere and is measure by Ammeter.
 Resistance


Resistance is the force that reduces
or stops the flow of electrons.
Symbol is R , unit is ohm (Ω) ,
measured by ohmmeter
 Ohm’s Law

Current through an ideal conductor is proportional

to the applied voltage at constant temperature.
Conductor is also known as a resistor.
Ohm ' s law : I V
For an Ohomic device,
V=IR
i

V +
_
V = Voltage (Volts = V)
I = Current (Amperes = A)
R = Resistance (Ohms = Ω)
Voltage and current are linear when
resistance is held constant.

Voltage versus Current

for a 10 ohm Resistor
0.6
0.5
Current (A)

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Voltage (V)
 Exercise:
Current = Voltage / Resistance.

In the following circuit, resistance R is 2 and

voltage V that is applied to it is 12 V.

Then, current I flowing in the circuit can be

determined as follows:
 Power in an electric
circuit
The rate at which energy is dissipated is called power,
P, and is found from the equation,
(power = current x voltage) Unit of power =
watt
Where P, is power measured in watts
I = current measured in Amps
P=VxI V = voltage measured in volts
P = I2R R = resistance measured in Ohms
P = V2/R
 Exercise

1. The hot resistance of a 250 V filament lamp is 625 .

Determine the current taken by the lamp and its power
rating.

2. Determine the power dissipated when a current of 10

mA flows through an appliance having a resistance of 8
k.
3. Find the power dissipated when:
(a) a current of 5 mA flows through a resistance
of 20 k
(b) a voltage of 400 V is applied across a 120 k
resistor
(c) a voltage applied to a resistor is 10 kV and the
current flow is 4 mA

Solution
 Energy and
Power
Power is a measure of how fast energy is being
used; electrical components must be able to
dissipate a certain amount of energy in a given
period of time.
Energy is the fundamental capacity to do
work.
Power is the rate at which energy is used.
Where P = Power measured in Watts
W = energy measured in Joules
t = time in seconds

One Watt is the amount of power when one

joule of energy is used in one second.
Energy and
power
An amount of energy equal to 100J is used in
5s. What is the power in watts?
Solution:

If 100W of power occurs for 30s, how much

energy in joule is used?

Solution:
The kilowatt-hour (kWh) unit of
energy
• Since power is the rate at which energy is used,
power utilized over a period of time represents
energy consumption.

• W = Pt

• A kilowatt-hour of energy is used when an

equivalent of 1000W of power is used for 1 hour.

Formula for estimating an appliance’s

energy use:

(Wattage x Hours Used per day) ÷ 1000 = Daily

Kilowatt-hour(kWh) consumption
The kilowatt-hour (kWh) unit of
energy

Formula for estimating an appliance’s

energy use:

(Wattage x Hours Used per day) ÷ 1000 =

Daily Kilowatt-hour(kWh) consumption

Example:
A 100W light bulb burning for 10h uses 1
kWh of energy.

W = Pt = (100W) (10h) = 1000Wh = 1kWh

The kilowatt-hour (kWh) unit of
energy
Class Exercise:

Determine the number of kilowatt-hours (kWh)

for each of the following energy
consumptions:

(a)1400W for 1hr

(b)2500W for 2hrs

(c)100,000W for 5hrs

The kilowatt-hour (kWh) unit of
energy
Appliance Power Rating (Watts)
Dishwasher 1200
Air conditioner 1000
Vacuum cleaner 630
Microwave Oven 1450
Clock 2
Refrigerator 800
Television 150
Washing machine 512
Water heater 2500
Laptop 20
The kilowatt-hour (kWh) unit of
energy

During a typical 24-hour period, you use the following

appliances for the specified length of time:
Air conditioner: 20 hours
Microwave oven: 25 minutes
Television: 1 hours
Dishwasher: 45 minutes
Clock: 24 hours
Refrigerator: 12 hours
Laptop: 4 hours
Vacuum cleaner: 45minute
Determine the total kilowatt-hour and the electric bill
for the time period. If the rate is 0.075p per kilo-watt
hour.
 Exercise

In a household during a particular week

three 4 kW fires are used on average 25 h
each and eight 200 W light bulbs are used on
average 25 h each. Determine the cost of
electricity for the week if 1 unit of electricity
costs 25p.

Solution :
 Exercise
Calculate the power dissipated by the
element of an electric fire of resistance 30 
when a current of 10 A flows in it. If the fire
is on for 30 hours in a week determine the
energy used.
Determine also the weekly cost of energy if
electricity costs 12.50p per unit.

Solution
 Resistivity of a
Material
The resistivity r is a property of a material
that determines its electrical resistance R.

R is directly proportional
to length L and inversely
proportional to area A,
we may write:

L RA
R  or 
A L
The unit of resistivity is the ohm-meter
 Example :

What length L of copper wire is required

to produce a 4 mW resistor? Assume the
diameter of the wire is 1 mm and that the
resistivity r of copper is 1.72 x 10-8 Ohm-
m.
L A = 7.85 x 10 -7
R 
A m2

Required length L = 0.183

is: m
Resistance and Temperature
Coefficient

The resistance of a MEATL

increases with temperature
 Exercise:

The aluminium cable has a

resistance of 27
ohm at a temperature of 35⁰ .
Determine its resistance at 0⁰ .

Take the temperature coefficient of

resistance
at 0 degree to be 0.0038/⁰ C
Three Types of Circuits

Series

Parallel

Compound
 Circuit
Elements
A multimeter is an
electrical instrument
capable of measuring
voltage, current, and RESISTOR
resistance.. S
 Series and parallel resistances

Symbol of 1.Series Resistor Circuit

Resistor
R

L R L

2.Parallel Resistor Circuit

L R

L R
Series Circuit

Using Ohm's law, V = IR -----------

(1)

V1 = IR1 and V2 = IR2 ---------- (2)

VT = V1 + V2

R = R1+ R2
Series Resistor
Circuit Practical

REQ = 1kΩ + 2kΩ + 6kΩ = 9kΩ

Voltage across R1 = IR1 =

1mA x 1kΩ = 1V
Voltage across R2 = IR2 =
1mA x 2kΩ = 2V
Voltage across R3 = IR3 =
Potential Divider/Voltage divider
circuit
The conversion of varying resistance to varying
voltage is performed by a simple circuit called a
voltage divider.
Voltage Divider

LDR
Circuit Diagram of Motor switch on and
off

PRACTICAL
Parallel Circuit

From Ohm’s Law, I = V/R, we can write:

I = I 1+ I 2 V1 = V2 =
V3.
 Parallel Circuit
Using our two resistor formula above we
can calculate the total circuit
resistance, RT as:
 Current Division

The current associated with one

resistor R1 in parallel with one other
resistor is:
 R2 
I 1   I total
 R1  R2 
where Itotal is the total of the currents
entering the node shared by the resistors
in parallel.
urrent Division more explanation
 Exercise
For the series parallel arrangement shown in
the figure below, find
• The supply current
• The current flowing through each resistor
• The voltage across each resistor
Solution: