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Man+and+Prehistory 3

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7 views59 pages

Man+and+Prehistory 3

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

“Humans are unique because they have


the capacity to choose what they do.”
– Richard Leakey

A shrimp’s heart is in its head.


The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Why do we study world history?

FAIL
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

The First People


Main Idea
Scientific evidence suggests that modern
humans spread from Africa to other lands and
gradually developed ways to adapt to their
environment.
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Studying the Distant Past


Much of the human story remains a mystery because
writing has existed for only about 5,000 years.

Anthropologists Archaeologists

• Study culture: • Dig at sites where


knowledge, art, people have left
customs traces
• Examine artifacts: • Use a variety of
objects that people in methods to date and
the past made or used analyze objects found
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Human Origins
Where did the first people come from? When did they appear?
Later Hominids
Early Hominids
• More advanced hominids from
• 1959—East Africa
about 3 million years ago
– Mary Leakey finds skull
• 1960s—Tanzania footprints
fragments
– Hominid: humanlike being • Louis Leakey
that walked upright – Homo habilis (“handy man”)
• 1974—Ethiopia – More humanlike features
– Johanson finds “Lucy” – Made and used crude stone
tools
– 4 foot-tall hominid who
walked upright
– lived 4 to 5 million years ago
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Other hominids
• Homo erectus (“upright man”)
• 2 to 1.5 million years ago in Africa
• Larger brain; more skillful hunter
• First hominid to control fire

Modern humans
• Homo sapiens (“wise man”)
• 200,000 years ago
• Larger brain; more sophisticated tools
• Learned to create fire
• First to develop language
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Question:
What four main types of hominids have
scientists identified based on fossil
evidence?

Answer(s): Australopithecine, Homo habilis,


Homo erectus, Homo sapiens
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Spreading Around the World


Climate
Out ofand Migration
Africa The Ice Ages
• Hominids learned to adapt • Began 1.6 million years ago
• Homo erectus first hominid to
•migrate
Began to move out of Africa • Long periods of freezing weather
• •Fossils
Movement
found occurred
in Asia andover
Europe cycled with warmer periods
• Homo sapiens
hundreds of migrated
thousandsaround
of • Asia and North America joined at
100,000 years ago
• years
Might have used boats
Bering Strait

Adapting to New Environments


• Adapted as they migrated
• Two groups of Homo sapiens:
– Neanderthals
– Cro-Magnons
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

32,500 YBP

37,500 YBP 35,000 YBP


30,000 YBP
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

1) Red: Modern Humans 2) Yellow Neanderthals 3) Green


Homo Erectus
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Question:
How did the ice ages influence early
human migration?

Answer: The ocean level dropped, exposing land


bridges that allowed early humans to migrate
around the world.
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Life in the Stone Age


The first humans lived during the Stone Age, when people made
tools mainly from stone.
• Paleolithic Era
• 2.5 million to 10,000 years ago
• Stone Age people lived as nomads
• Sheltered under rock overhangs or in caves
• Hunter-gatherers

Technology Art and Religion


• First tools: crude chipped stones • Societies began to form
• Later tools: wood and bone • Common culture
• Spears for hunting – language
• Nets and traps for fish and birds – art
• Canoes from logs – religion
• Clothing from animal skins • Animism
• Shelters from skins, wood, bones • Belief in life after death?
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Question:
How did Stone Age people use
technology to adapt and survive?

Answer(s): used fire, made tools and weapons


The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

The Beginning of Agriculture


Main Idea

The development of agriculture was a major


turning point in human history and significantly
changed the way in which many people lived.
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

The New Stone Age


As prehistoric people developed more sophisticated tools,
the Paleolithic Era gave way to the Neolithic Era.

Paleolithic Tools Neolithic Tools


• Stones chipped to make • Polished stones to make
points points
• Wood and bone tools • More specialized tools:
• Nets from plant fibers and – chisels
animal sinew – drills
– saws
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Development of Agriculture
The development of agriculture (c.10,000 ya), radically
changed how people lived. This shift to farming is referred
to as the Neolithic Revolution.
Plants Animals Growth of
• End of Ice Age • Agriculture
Domesticating
• New plants animals • Available plants,
• New food source • Careful selection domesticated
• People learned to and breeding animals
• 10,000 BC – dogs • Spread to regions:
farm –
• Larger and more Asia: rice
• Domestication stable supply of – Africa: cattle
• Larger food supply meat, milk, skins, – Mexico: corn
– South America:
wool
potatoes
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Question:
How did people benefit from farming and the
domestication of plants and animals?

Answer(s): more reliable food supply; people


could pool labor and resources
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Agriculture Changes Society


• Agriculture dramatically changed Stone Age – more food
• Some people began to live as nomadic pastoralists.
• Others gave up the nomadic lifestyle and formed settlements.
Early Farming Societies New Technologies
• Small settlements • New tools and methods
• Villages and towns • Animals working in fields
• Increase in trade
• Grindstones, pestles,
• Societies became more complex
pottery
• Social status, authority
• Religion, megaliths
• Wool from sheep for yarn
• Warfare, disease increased • Spinning and weaving
• Copper, bronze, tin
• As people began to make items from bronze, the Stone Age gave way
to the Bronze Age, which began as early as 3000 BC in some areas.
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Çatal Hüyuk
A Neolithic settlement in what is now Turkey
• Largest Neolithic site found
– Home to 5,000–6,000 people in 6000 BC
– Covered more than 30 acres
– People raised barley, wheat, sheep, goats
• Houses
– One main room with areas for sleeping and
domestic tasks like cooking
– Religious shrines
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Ötzi the Iceman


Discoveries added to our knowledge of Neolithic societies
• 1991- hikers discover frozen male body
• Scientific tests performed
• 5,300 years old, from Neolithic Era

Ötzi and belongings well preserved


• Clothes: three types of animal skins stitched together
• Leather shoes, woven grass cape, fur hat, backpack
• Quiver with arrows, dagger, ax with copper blade

Scientists’ theories
• Diet included coarse grains
• Did not live in location where found
• Might have been murdered
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Question:
How did the development of agriculture
affect Neolithic societies?

Answer(s): revolutionary changes; men and


women assumed different roles; led to towns,
government, religion, and trade.
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Foundations of Civilization
Main Idea
From farming villages arose cities, and with
them, the first civilizations, marking the
beginnings of recorded history.
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

From Villages to Cities


Advances in farming and changing economies caused the first
cities to appear.

Advances in Farming Changing Economies


• New methods to increase • Fewer people needed to farm
production: irrigation systems • Began to specialize in other jobs
– Networks of canals, ditches • Division of labor
– Link fields to water supply • Traditional economy
– Farm more land in drier – Economic decisions based on
conditions custom, ritual
– Plant more crops and – Began to change with
produce more food development of irrigation
– Surplus, or excess of food – Trade increases
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Characteristics of Cities
Generally larger than villages
• First known city was Uruk, in what is now Iraq
• Home to 40,000–50,000 people
• Covered more than 1,000 acres

Populations more diverse than in villages


• Early villages consisted of extended families
• Early cities included many unrelated people

More formal organization than in villages


• Had defined centers, with temples and marketplaces
• Had defined boundaries separating the cities from surrounding villages
• Served as centers of trade for surrounding villages
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Question:
How did early cities differ from early
farming villages?

Answer(s): Cities were larger, more diverse, more


dense, and served as trade centers.
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

The First Civilizations


• The development of cities gave rise Characteristics of Early
to the first civilizations. Civilizations
• A civilization is a complex and
organized society. • Developed cities
• Although early civilizations differed, • Organized government
they had several characteristics in
common. • Formalized religion

• Specialization of labor: The first civilizations grew


farmers, engineers, soldiers, up independently along
artisans
fertile river valleys where
• Social classes
enough food could be
• Record keeping and writing produced to support a
• Art and architecture growing population.
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Question:
What was the relationship between job
specialization and the development of social
classes in early civilizations?
Answer(s): The increased wealth of urban
societies brought about job specialization. As
people specialized, social classes developed. 1)
Rulers, nobles, warriors, and priests, 2) Traders
and merchants, 3) Artisans and farmers, and
(maybe) 4) slaves.
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Change in Civilizations
Once early civilizations developed, they continued to change over
time. Some changes weakened civilizations, while others
strengthened them and led to growth and expansion.
Environmental Spread of People Expansion and
Influences and Ideas Warfare
• Dependence on • Languages, customs • Conflicts over land
farming and resources
• Cultural diffusion
• Forces of nature • Civilizations
• Advances spread
expanded
• Need for resources, from one civilization
such as metals, to anotherMovement • Some civilizations
stone, and timber of peopleNew la developed into
states and kingdoms
• Expanded trade for
scarce resources
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

Question:
How did cultural diffusion affect
early civilizations?

Answer(s): People adopted new customs, skills,


and technologies; writing, metalworking, and
farming techniques spread; artists borrowed ideas
and created new designs; religious beliefs spread.
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

• “False history gets made all day, any day,


the truth of the news is never on the
news.”
– Adrienne Rich

The “sixth sick sheik’s sixth sheep’s sick”


is said to be the toughest tongue twister
in the English language.
The Beginnings of Civilization Section 1

“My great concern is not whether you have


failed, but whether you are content with your
failure.”
- Abraham Lincoln

Before 1687 clocks were made with only an


hour hand.

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