Access-Layer

ACCESS LAYER
Module 7
MAC
A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a string of characters

that identifies a device on a network. It’s tied to a key
connection device in your computer called the network
interface card, or NIC. The NIC is essentially a computer circuit
card that makes it possible for your computer to connect to a
network. A NIC turns data into an electrical signal that can be
transmitted over the network.
20XX Pitch Deck 2

WHY HAVE
MAC?
MAC addresses are useful for network diagnosis

because they never change, as opposed to a
dynamic IP address, which can change from time to
time. For a network administrator, that makes a
MAC address a more reliable way to identify senders
and receivers of data on the network.
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•Some well-known manufacturers of
network adapters or NICs are Dell, Belkin,
Nortel, and Cisco. These manufacturers all
place a special number sequence (called
the Organizationally Unique Identifier or
OUI) in the MAC address that identifies
them as the manufacturer. The OUI is
typically right at the front of the address.
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•The OUIs for some well-known manufacturers are:
•Dell: 00-14-22
•Nortel: 00-04-DC
•Cisco: 00-40-96
•Belkin: 00-30-BD
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ETHERNET FRAME
Preamble (7 bytes): A sequence of bits that helps synchronize communication between devices. It
consists of alternating 1s and 0s, which allows the receiving device to recognize the start of the
frame.
Start Frame Delimiter (SFD) (1 byte): A specific pattern (usually 10101011) that indicates the end of
the preamble and the start of the actual frame data.
Destination MAC Address (6 bytes): The unique hardware address of the device intended to receive
the frame. This ensures that the frame reaches the correct destination.
Source MAC Address (6 bytes): The unique hardware address of the device sending the frame. This
allows the recipient to know where the frame came from.
EtherType/Length (2 bytes): This field indicates the type of protocol encapsulated in the payload
(EtherType) or the length of the payload in bytes. Common EtherTypes include 0x0800 for IPv4,
0x0806 for ARP, etc.
Payload/Data (46 to 1500 bytes): The actual data being transmitted. The minimum size for the
payload is 46 bytes, and if the data is smaller, padding is added. The maximum frame size for
Ethernet is 1500 bytes, not including headers and trailers.
Frame Check Sequence (FCS) (4 bytes): A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value used for error
checking.
20XX It allows the receiving
Pitch Deck device to verify the
6 integrity of the frame. If the FCS doesn’t
match, the frame is discarded.
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ENCAPSULATIO
N
•Generally, Encapsulation is a process by which a lower-layer protocol
receives data from a higher-layer protocol and then places the data
into the data portion of its frame. Thus, encapsulation is the process
of enclosing one type of packet using another type of packet.
•Encapsulation in networking is the process of wrapping data with
protocol information at each layer of the OSI model. As data is passed
down the layers, each layer adds its own header (and sometimes a
footer) to the data, forming a packet, segment, or frame. This allows
protocols at different layers to communicate effectively, ensuring the
data is properly addressed, sequenced, and managed throughout the
network. Ultimately, it enables complex networking functions to
operate seamlessly.
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3|9:2|5:4|5:D|A
8|4|2|1
00111001:00100101:010001
01:11011010
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College of Computer Studies
Eastern Samar State University
Brgy. Maypangdan,
Borongan City E. Samar
Dear sir Co,

We would like to inform you that your office is candidate an awardee of the “Best office in terms of leadership” of the Felipe
Abrigo Awards. Your office did a great performance according to the annual office assessment for 2024. You have garnered
an average of 56% percent approval rate and highest among all the offices here in the university.
We would like to invite you this 4:00 PM on the 8th day of October 2024 at the Canuctan Hall for the acceptance of the award
and a cash prize worth 50,000 pesos, we hope you could grace as with your presence.
Sincerely,
Alice Guo
20XX Pitch Deck 11

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Host 1 Host 2 Host 3 Host 4
Mac AA:01 BB:02 CC:03 DD:04
Port 80 83 82 81
Number
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PORT
Whenever any application in one computer sends data to another
application of a different computer then it sends using IP Address and
MAC Address but how does our computer know that this data is for a
specific application and this data is sent by any specific application?
There comes the concept of Port.
For instance, imagine your mac address or IP address as the PIN code of
the nearest Post Office and your house address as a Port. Whenever any
parcel is sent to you it gets received by the nearest post office and then it
is identified by your address where to deliver that parcel. Similarly in a
computer data is first received using their IP or MAC address then it is
delivered to the application whose port number is with the data packets.
Port is a logical address of a 16-bit unsigned integer that is allotted to

every application on the computer that uses the internet to send or
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PARTS OF AN IP
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Subnet Mask
Defines the division between the
network and host portions of an IP
address. It specifies how many bits are
used for the network address and how
many are used for the host address.
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IP CLASS
Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8) - Designed to support extremely

large networks with more than 16 million host addresses. Class A
used a fixed /8 prefix with the first octet to indicate the network
address and the remaining three octets for host addresses (more
than 16 million host addresses per network).
Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 - 191.255.0.0 /16) - Designed to support the
needs of moderate to large size networks with up to approximately
65,000 host addresses. Class B used a fixed /16 prefix with the two
high-order octets to indicate the network address and the
remaining two octets for host addresses (more than 65,000 host
addresses per network).
Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 - 223.255.255.0 /24) - Designed to support
small networks with a maximum of 254 hosts. Class C used a
fixed /24 prefix with the first three octets to indicate the network
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192.168.10.10 FOR 4 SUBNETS
CL ASS C
SUBNET MASK: 255.255.255.0
11111111. 11111111. 11111111.00000000
BORROWED=2 BITS
NEW CIDR:26
SUBNET MASK: 255.255.255.192
NO. US ABLE HOST=2^(6) -2 SUBNET ID, BROADCAST ID 62 US ABLE
HOST
128|64|32|16|8|4|2|1
CIDR:/24
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SUBNET ID: 192.168.0.0
USABLE RANGE:192.168.0.1-192.168.0.62 SUBNET 1
BROADCAST ID:192.168.0.63
SUBNET ID: 192.168.0.64

SUBNET ID: 192.168.0.128

SUBNET ID: 192.168.0.192

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128|64|32|16|8|4|2|1
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SUBNET ID: 192.168.10.0
USABLE HOST:192.168.10.1-
192.168.10.62
SUBNET ID: 192.168.10.64
USABLE HOST:192.168.10.65-
192.168.10.126
SUBNET ID: 192.168.10.128

USABLE HOST:192.168.10.129-
192.168.10.188
SUBNET ID: 192.168.10.190

USABLE HOST:192.168.10.191-
192.168.10.251
20XX Pitch Deck 23
Even Create 11
subnets for
192.168.0.1
Odd Create 12 subnets
for 192.168.0.1
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ACCESS LAYER

A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a string of characters

20XX Pitch Deck 2

MAC addresses are useful for network diagnosis

20XX Pitch Deck 3

20XX Pitch Deck 5

Dear sir Co,

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20XX Pitch Deck 13

Port is a logical address of a 16-bit unsigned integer that is allotted to

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Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8) - Designed to support extremely

20XX Pitch Deck 20

SUBNET ID: 192.168.0.64

SUBNET ID: 192.168.0.128

SUBNET ID: 192.168.0.192

20XX Pitch Deck 22

SUBNET ID: 192.168.10.128

SUBNET ID: 192.168.10.190

20XX Pitch Deck 24

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