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Chemistry

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15 views25 pages

Chemistry

Uploaded by

deadsman425
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dalton atomic theory

 the first scientific theory about the structure of matter was given
by John Dalton (in 1808).
 Its postulates are
• The matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called atoms.
• Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.
• Atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and other
properties.
• Atoms of different elements differ in size, mass, and other
properties.
• Atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds
 J. J. Thomson discovered electrons, negatively charged
particles.
 E. Goldstein, discovered protons, positively charged
particles
 James Chadwick discovered neutrons.
 electrons, protons and neutrons are called the fundamental
particles of an atom.
 These particles are the building blocks of all atoms of an
element.
Limitations of Dalton’s Atomic Theory

• It does not explain existance of subatomic particles.


 It does not explain isotopes , isobars.
 Elements need not combine in simple, whole-number
ratios to form compounds
 The theory does not account for allotropes.
Atom

 smallest particle of an element that have all the


properties of that element.
 Itmay or may not exist independently but takes part in
every chemical reaction.
 It contain electron proton and neutron
Discovery of electron
 When electrical discharge of 10,000 volts is passed
through gases at very low pressures(0.01 mm),
 cathode rays are produced.
Properties of cathode rays
 They travel in a straight line
 can cast sharp shadows.
 these are negatively charged.
 Electric field and magnetic field deflect cathode rays.
 They are produced at the cathode and travel towards the anode
 The properties of them do not depend on the electrodes and gas
used.
 Speed of cathode rays is slower than light.
 The objects hit by cathode rays get heated.
 They can penetrate through thin metal plates.
 JJ Thomson conclude that
 cathode rays consist of negatively charged particles,
now called electrons.
 electrons have both definite mass and charge.
Properties of electron

 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

 .
Discovery of proton

 Goldstein noticed
 another set of rays travelling from anode towards cathode,
 when a perforated cathode was used in the above discharge
tube.
 He called these rays as canal rays since these rays passed
through holes or 'canals' in the cathode.
 These rays were named as positive rays or anode rays.
Properties of canal rays

1. Anode rays travel in a straight line.


2. Theyare deflected towards the negative plate so they carry
a positive charge.
3. Particles present in anode rays are positively charged.
4. They originate from the anode.
proton

 Protonmay be defined as a subatomic particle having mass 1


amu, i.e. equal to hydrogen atom and has unit positive charge.
Discovery of nucleus
 Most of the alpha particles passed straight through the
foil.
 Some alpha particles were slightly deflected from their
straight path.
 Very
few (nearly one in ten thousand)alpha particles
were either deflected by very large angles or
completely bounced back.
 The atom contains a large empty space .
 There
is a positively charged mass at the centre of the atom,
known as the nucleus
 Thesize of the nucleus is very small compared to the size of an
atom.
 Theelectrons revolve around the nucleus at large distances
from each other and from nucleus
 An atom as a whole is electrically neutral
 Electrons revolve around the nucleus in close circular paths
draw
element

 An element is a substance which is made upof only one type of


atoms.

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