Presentation by Hari Prasad

Atomic Structure
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Atomic structure
(The Atom's Hidden Depths)
 Decoding the Atom
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Delving into atomic architecture

 Atomic models (timeline)
Presentation by Hari Prasad

What is matter Discovery of Jumping Current atomic

made of? the electron electrons model

189 191 192

7 3 7

180 191 192

First atomic Quantum atomic
Planetary model
3
theory 1 0
model
 Importance
Presentation by Hari Prasad

The role of atomic structure in chemical

reactions and energy technologies drives
innovation across various scientific disciplines.

The atom's structure shapes the behavior of

matter, underpinning current chemistry,
physics, and technology.

Understanding atomic structure unlocks

perspectives on matter's properties, propelling
scientific advancements.
 What is
an atom?
Presentation by Hari Prasad

The atom is the fundamental unit of

matter.
It consists of a central nucleus containing
positively charged protons and neutral
neutrons, surrounded by a cloud of
negatively charged electrons.
The interaction between these particles
determines the properties and behavior of
chemical elements.
 What are its components?
ELECTRON CLOUD
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Region around the nucleus

where electrons orbit.

ATOMIC ORBITALS
Three-dimensional regions where
electrons are most likely to be found in an
atom.

ELECTRON
Negatively charged subatomic
particle orbiting the nucleus.
 • Atoms
• Elements
• Compounds
• Mixtures
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Contents
• Dalton’s Atomic theory • Binary compounds
• Conservation of Mass • Naming ions and writing
chemical formulas
Presentation by Hari Prasad

• Law of definite proportions

• Development of ideas about the • Compounds and Mixtures
structure of atoms
• Mass spectrometry
• Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
• Quantum numbers
• Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
• Isotopes
• Radioisotopes
• Molecules
• Ions
 • The study of chemistry explores matter and its interactions.
• Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space.
The nature of • Matter might include the food you eat, the cosmetics and grooming
products you use, the battery in your cellphone, or the gasoline in your
chemistry car engine.
• We encounter thousands of different chemicals every day.
Presentation by Hari Prasad

• The potential applications of chemistry are therefore enormous.

Presentation by Hari Prasad

What is chemistry?
 Chemistry
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Chemistry is a branch of science that studies the properties,

composition, and structure of elements and compounds.

It also examines how these elements and compounds can change,

and the energy that is released or absorbed when they change.
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Matter

Physical Chemical
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Classification Classification

Pure
Solid Liquid Gas Mixtures
substances

Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Inorganic Organic
Compounds compounds
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Dalton’s Atomic theory
Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms
Presentation by Hari Prasad

The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of different elements are
different in some fundamental way or ways

Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine with
each other.

A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms

Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms—changes in the way they are
bound together

The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction

 Conservation of Mass
• The law of conservation of mass states
Presentation by Hari Prasad

that for any chemical reaction, the mass of

the reactants is equal to the mass of
products.
• The mass of the system must remain
constant over time, as the system's mass
cannot change, so quantity can neither be
added nor be removed.
• Therefore, the quantity of mass is Combustion reaction of methane:
conserved over time. • Where 4 atoms of hydrogen, 4 atoms of oxygen and
1 of carbon are present before and after the
reaction.
• The total mass after the reaction is the same as
before the reaction.
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions
 Law of definite proportions

• Law of definite proportions states that a • Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1 g/mol

Presentation by Hari Prasad

given chemical compound always contains its • H2 = 2 g/mol

component elements in fixed ratio (by mass) and • Atomic mass of oxygen = 16 g/mol
does not depend on its source and method of • H2O = 2 + 16 = 18 g/mol
preparation. • % of Hydrogen =
• % of Oxygen =
• For example, oxygen makes up about 8/9 of the mass of
any sample of pure water, while hydrogen makes up the
remaining 1/9 of the mass: the mass of two elements in a
compound are always in the same ratio.

Different samples of a pure chemical substance always contain

the same proportion of elements by mass
 Atom
• An atom is the smallest unit of matter that
Presentation by Hari Prasad

forms a chemical element.

• Every solid, liquid, and gas is composed of
atoms.
• Atoms are extremely small.
• Every atom is composed of a nucleus and
one or more electrons bound to the
nucleus.
• The nucleus is made of one or
more protons and a number of neutrons.
• The protons have a positive electric
charge, the electrons have a negative
electric charge, and the neutrons have
no electric charge. An illustration of the helium atom, depicting
the nucleus (pink) and the electron cloud distribution (black)
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Development of ideas about the structure of atoms
Presentation by Hari Prasad

• In 1897 the electron was discovered by J.J.

Thompson while carrying out experiments on the
conduction of electricity through gases.
• He discovered that electrons were tiny, negatively
charged particles that were much smaller and lighter
than atoms.
• He came up with what was called the ‘plum-pudding’
model of the atom.
• In this model, the atom was a ball of positive charge
with the negative electrons spread through the atom.
Presentation by Hari Prasad

atomic model
The Rutherford
Presentation by Hari Prasad
Presentation by Hari Prasad
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 • The device used to investigate this
phenomenon was a cathode ray
tube.
• It is a glass tube from which most of
Presentation by Hari Prasad

the air is evacuated.

• When the two metal plates are
connected to a high-voltage source,
the negatively charged plate, called
the cathode, emits an invisible ray.
• The cathode ray is drawn to the
positively charged plate, called the
anode, where it passes through a
hole and continues traveling to the
other end of the tube. A cathode ray tube with an electric field perpendicular to the direction of
• When the ray strikes the specially the cathode rays and an external magnetic field. The symbols N and S
coated surface, it produces a strong denote the north and south poles of the magnet. The cathode rays will
fluorescence, or bright light. strike the end of the tube at A in the presence of a magnetic field, at C in
the presence of an electric field, and at B when there are no external
fields present or when the effects of the electric field and magnetic field
cancel each other.
 • Two electrically charged plates and a
magnet were added to the outside of the
cathode ray tube.
• When the magnetic field is on and the
Presentation by Hari Prasad

electric field is off, the cathode ray strikes

point A.
• When only the electric field is on, the ray
strikes point C.
• When both the magnetic and the electric
fields are off or when they are both on
but balanced so that they cancel each
other’s influence, the ray strikes point B.
• Because the cathode ray is attracted by
the plate bearing positive charges and
repelled by the plate bearing negative
charges, it must consist of negatively
charged particles.
• We know these negatively charged
particles as electrons.
Presentation by Hari Prasad

(a) Rutherford’s prediction: if Thomson’s model were correct, the alpha particles would pass through the gold
atoms unaffected (b) Rutherford’s observation: a small portion of the alpha particles were deflected by the gold
atoms (c) Rutherford’s explanation: each atom has a dense, positively charged nucleus that deflects alpha
particles
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Rutherford’s gold foil

experiment
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Bohr atomic model diagrams of (a) carbon and (b) phosphorus.
Presentation by Hari Prasad
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Atoms consist of:
• Nucleus: contains positive
protons (p) and neutral neutrons
Presentation by Hari Prasad

(n).
• Electrons: circle the nucleus
within energy "shells”.

A
A = mass number (p + n)

X X = chemical symbol of the atom

Z = atomic number (protons)
Number of neutrons = Mass number - Atomic number
=A–Z
(p+n) – p = n
Z 19
F Number of neutrons = A – Z = 19-9 = 10
9
‘A’ is also known as nucleon number Nucleon number = Atomic mass
‘Z’ is also known as proton number Proton number = atomic number
 Sodium (Na):
• Sodium has 11 protons (+ve charge) (Z) 3
23
Presentation by Hari Prasad

2
Na •
•
Atomic mass (weight) (A) is 23
Number of neutrons = A – Z = 23-11 = 12
1
11
• Number of electrons = 11

Nucleus = Neutron + Proton

1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1

 Isotope Isobar Isotone
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Same atomic number but Same atomic mass but Different atomic number
different atomic mass different atomic number and different atomic mass
(equal Z) (equal A) but same number of
C-12, C-13, C-14 Na-24, Mg-24 neutrons
(equal N)
Sulphur and Chlorine
Presentation by Hari Prasad
Presentation by Hari Prasad
Presentation by Hari Prasad
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
• The atomic mass unit is the system of
Presentation by Hari Prasad

measurement designed to identify each

individual unit of mass in atoms and molecules.
• Also known as a Dalton, the atomic mass unit is
a universally-applied measurement based on of the mass of carbon-12 atom = 1 a.m.u
1/12 the total mass of a single carbon-12 atom. = 1 Dalton 1 g/mol
• This means that a carbon-12 atom has the = 1.66 x 10-27 kg
atomic mass of 12 Daltons.
• The designation for a standard atomic mass unit
is u or Da.
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 The atoms of the first 20 elements

(Atomic number ‘Z’)

Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Quantum numbers and electron orbit
• The quantum number n is a positive integer (1, 2, 3, . . .)
associated with the radius of an electron orbit, which is directly
Presentation by Hari Prasad

related to the electron’s energy: the lower the n value, the

smaller the radius of the orbit, and the lower the energy level. n=3
n=2

Ground state: n=1

• When the electron is in the first orbit (n = 1), it is closest to the
nucleus, and the atom is in its lowest (first) energy level, called
the ground state.
Excited states:
• If the electron is in any orbit farther from the nucleus, the atom is
in an excited state.
• When the electron is in the second orbit (n = 2), the atom is in
the first excited state; when it’s in the third orbit (n = 3), the atom
is in the second excited state, and so forth.
 The electron shells for the first 20 elements
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Quantum numbers
Four quantum numbers can describe an electron in an atom completely

Azimuthal Magnetic quantum

Principal quantum Spin quantum
quantum number
Presentation by Hari Prasad

number (n) number (ml) number (s)

(l)
• The principal quantum • The azimuthal (or orbital • The magnetic quantum • It is independent of the values of n,
angular momentum) quantum number describes the l, and ml.
number describes number describes the shape • The value of this number gives
the electron shell, or specific orbital (or "cloud") insight into the direction in which
of a given orbital. within that subshell and the electron is spinning, and is
energy level, of an • It is denoted by the symbol ‘l’ yields the projection of the denoted by the symbol ms.
electron. and its value is equal to the orbital angular • The possible values of the electron
• The value of n ranges from total number of angular momentum along a spin quantum number are +½ and
1 to the shell containing nodes in the orbital. specified axis. -½.
the outermost electron of • ℓ = 0, 1, 2,..., n − 1 • The positive value of ms implies an
• The values of mℓ range upward spin on the electron which
that atom, that is n = 1, • ℓ = 0 is called s orbital, ℓ = 1,
p orbital, ℓ = 2, d orbital, from −ℓ to ℓ, with integer is also called ‘spin up’ and is
2, ... intervals denoted by the symbol ↑.
and ℓ = 3, f orbital. • If ms has a negative value, the
electron in question is said to have
a downward spin, or a ‘spin down’,
which is given by the symbol ↓.
 • In chemistry, this quantum number is very important, since it
Presentation by Hari Prasad

specifies the shape of an atomic orbital and strongly

influences chemical bonds and bond angles.
• The azimuthal quantum number can also denote the number of
angular nodes present in an orbital.
• For example, for p orbitals, ℓ = 1 and thus the amount of angular
nodes in a p orbital is 1.
 What is electron
Presentation by Hari Prasad

configuration?

The electronic
configuration dictates This understanding is
The arrangement of
how an atom interacts crucial for explaining
electrons orbiting the
with others, influencing the properties and
nucleus is referred to as
its ability to form behaviors of elements
electronic
chemical bonds and in the periodic table.
configuration.
engage in reactions.
 electronic configuration
Number of
electrons per level 2e 8e 18 32 32 18 8e
e e e e
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Orbital name K L M N O P Q

Energy sublevels s s, p s, p, d s, p, d, s, p, d, s, p, d s, p
f f
 l=0 l=1 l=2 l=3 l=4 n=1
n=1 1s
n=2 2s 2p n=2
Presentation by Hari Prasad

n=3 3s 3p 3d
n=4 4s 4p 4d 4f n=3
n=5 5s 5p 5d 5f
n=6 6s 6p 6d n=4
n=7 7s 7p
n=8 8s n=5

The filling of the shells and subshells with n=6

electrons proceeds from subshells of lower
energy to subshells of higher energy n=7

n=8 8s
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Classification of groups of elements in the periodic table according to the type of subshell being filled
with electrons.
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Can you write Chlorine electronic configuration using orbital

diagram?
Presentation by Hari Prasad

M 3
L 2
K
1

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

3p5
Electron per shell: K = 2; L = 8; M = 7
 Electron arrangement of Sc = 21
Presentation by Hari Prasad

• 1s2

• 2s2 2p6

• 3s2 3p6 3d1

• 4s2
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Level. The atom’s energy levels, or shells, are given by the n value: the smaller the n value, the lower the energy level and the greater the
probability that the electron is closer to the nucleus.
Sublevel. The atom’s levels are divided into sublevels, or subshells, that are given by the l value. Each designates the orbital shape with a
letter:
l = 0 is an s sublevel.
l = 1 is a p sublevel.
l = 2 is a d sublevel.
l = 3 is an f sublevel.
(The letters derive from names of spectroscopic lines: sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental.)
 Sample:
Give the name, magnetic quantum numbers, and number of orbitals for each sublevel with
the given n and l quantum numbers:
Presentation by Hari Prasad

• (a) n = 3, l = 2 (b) n = 2, l = 0 (c) n = 5, l = 1 (d) n = 4, l = 3

Solution:
• We name the sublevel (subshell) with the n value and the letter designation of
the l value.
• From the l value, we find the number of possible ml values, which equals the
number of orbitals in that sublevel.
 Energy level Shell subshells No of electrons
n=1 K s 2
n=2 L s, p 8
Presentation by Hari Prasad

n=3 M s, p, d 18
n=4 N s, p, d, f 32
n=5 O s, p, d, f 50

The maximum number of electrons a shell can hold is 2n2

E.g.: n=1; 2n2 = 2 (12) = 2

s p d f g

2 e- 6 e- 10 e- 14 e- 18 e-
s-orbital p-orbital d-orbital f-orbital g-orbital
 Nitrogen electron configuration
1s2 2s2 2p3

n = 1 (first orbital):
• The lowest energy orbital is the 1s (n = 1; l = 0; ml = 0).
Presentation by Hari Prasad

• The maximum occupancy of the 1s orbital is 2 electrons.

n = 2 (second orbital):
• The next lowest energy orbital is the 2s (n =2; l = 1; ml = -1, 0, N
+1) n=1
• Second orbital has 1 subshell (p) n=2
• s orbital = 2 electrons; p = 3 electrons

For an s orbital, l = 0. For a p orbital, l = 1

For a d orbital, l = 2. For an f orbital, l = 3
 The arrangement of electrons in a nitrogen atom
Presentation by Hari Prasad
Presentation by Hari Prasad

The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of n, l, m l and ms
quantum numbers.
This means that every electron in an atom is uniquely defined by its set of four quantum numbers.
Presentation by Hari Prasad

(a) Two electrons are said to be paired if they have

opposite spins (one clockwise, the other
counterclockwise).
(b) Two electrons are classified as having parallel spins if
their spins are in the same direction—in this case, both
c.
 Shell name Subshell name Subshell max electrons Shell max electrons
K 1s 2 2
2s 2
L 2+6=8
Presentation by Hari Prasad

2p 6
3s 2
M 3p 6 2 + 6 + 10 = 18
3d 10
4s 2
4p 6
N 2 + 6 +10 + 14 = 32
4d 10
4f 14
5s 2
5p 6
O 5d 10 2 + 6 +10 + 14 +18 = 50
5f 14
5g 18
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Shapes of Atomic Orbitals

Presentation by Hari Prasad

n = 1; 0 node
n = 2; 1 node
n = 3; 2 nodes

‘Node’ is a point where the electron probability is zero

‘Orbital’ is a point or a space where there is a high probability of finding the electron
 Energy levels of orbitals
Presentation by Hari Prasad

f
d Degenerate
p
Energy
d s n=4
p
s n=3
p
s n=2
s
n=1
Orbitals with the same energy are referred to as
degenerate orbitals
 Energy levels of orbitals

f
Presentation by Hari Prasad

d
s n=5
p
d
Energy
s n=4
p
s n=3
p
s n=2
s
n=1

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Electrons in energy levels for four
atoms to show the application of
Presentation by Hari Prasad

the building-up principle.

 • The 4s orbital fills before the 3d orbital
Presentation by Hari Prasad

because it has a lower energy.

• However, the 4s orbital is the outer orbital
and it is the electrons in the 4s orbital that
are lost first when a d-block element
ionises.
• Chromium and copper each only have one
4s electron in their atoms.
• The explanation for the irregularities lies in
the stability of half filled and filled sub-
shells.
• So, the electronic structure of chromium is
[Ar]3d54s1 and that of copper is [Ar]3d104s1.
 4d
5s

n=4 4p
3d
Presentation by Hari Prasad

4s
n=3 3p

3s

2p
n=2
2s

n=1 1s
Principal quantum Sub-shell
shell
 1s1
H ELECTRONIC
He 1s2
Li 1s2 2s1 CONFIGURATIONS OF
Be 1s2 2s2 ELEMENTS 1-30
B 1s 2s 2p
2 2 1

C 1s2 2s2 2p2

N 1s2 2s2 2p3
O
1s2 2s2 2p4
Presentation by Hari Prasad

F
1s2 2s2 2p5
Ne
1s2 2s2 2p6
Na
Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Al 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Si 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
S 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
Ar 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
K 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Sc
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Ti
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
V
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2
Cr
Mn
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
Fe 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5
Co 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5
Ni 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
Cu 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7
Zn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
 Distribution of Elements in Living Systems

Phosphorus % by mass
1% K&S
Calcium 0% Chlorine
2% 0%
Nitrogen
3%
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Hydrogen
10%

Carbon
18%

Oxygen
65%
 Natural abundance of the elements in percent by mass

All others
% by mass
Magnesium 5%
3%
Calcium
Presentation by Hari Prasad

5%

Iron
6%

Aluminum Oxygen
8% 46%

Silicon
27%
 Isotopes
• Isotopes are atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 e Electron (e)

Proton (p)
Isotopes of Hydrogen (naturally-occurring)
Neutron (n)
Presentation by Hari Prasad

e e e

Protium (1H) Deuterium (2H) Tritium (3H)

Each isotope has one proton makes them all variants of hydrogen: the identity of the isotope is given by the
number of protons and neutrons. From left to right, the isotopes are protium (1H) with zero
neutrons, deuterium (2H) with one neutron, and tritium (3H) with two neutrons.
 Neutron
Proton
Isotopes of Carbon
Electron configuration: 1s2, 2s2, 2p2
12 13 14
C C C
Presentation by Hari Prasad

6 6 6

e e e e e e

e e e e e e

e e e e e e

6 protons 6 protons 6 protons

6 electrons 6 electrons 6 electrons
6 neutrons 7 neutrons 8 neutrons
n+p = A =12 n+p = A =13 n+p = A =14
 • For each atom give the following information: [1] the atomic number; [2] the
mass number; [3] the number of protons; [4] the number of neutrons; [5] the
number of electrons.
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 • For each atom give the following information: [1] the atomic number; [2] the
mass number; [3] the number of protons; [4] the number of neutrons; [5] the
number of electrons.
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Radioisotopes
• Radioisotopes are also known as Radioactive
isotope, radionuclide, or radioactive nuclide
Presentation by Hari Prasad

• All radioisotopes have unstable nuclei

• Isotopes, whose nuclei are unstable dissipate
excess energy by spontaneously
emitting radiation in the form of alpha, beta,
and gamma rays.
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Video: Radioactive Isotopes
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Uses of Radioisotopes
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Radioisotope Use
Cobalt-60 Radiation therapy to treat cancer
Iodine-131 Locate brain tumours, monitor cardiac, liver and thyroid activity

Carbon-14 Study metabolism changes for patients with diabetes, gout and
anaemia
Sodium-24 Study blood circulation
Chlorine-36 Exposure dating of rocks, groundwater tracer
Xenon-133 Lung imaging
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Molecules

• A molecule is an aggregate of at least two atoms in a

Presentation by Hari Prasad

definite arrangement held together by chemical forces (also H H H2

called chemical bonds).
• A molecule may contain atoms of the same element or
atoms of two or more elements joined.
O O O2

• The hydrogen molecule, symbolized as H2, is called a

diatomic molecule because it contains only two atoms.
• Other elements that normally exist as diatomic molecules N N N2
are nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2), fluorine (F2), chlorine
(Cl2), bromine (Br2), and iodine (I2).
Molecules containing more than two atoms are called polyatomic molecules. Like ozone,
water (H2O) and ammonia (NH3) are polyatomic molecules.
 Molecular and structural formulas and molecular models of four common molecules

Compounds
Presentation by Hari Prasad

H H

Ball-and-stick models
 Ions
• An ion is an atom or a group of atoms
that has a net positive or negative
charge.
Presentation by Hari Prasad

• The number of positively charged

protons in the nucleus of an atom
remains the same during ordinary
chemical changes (called chemical
reactions), but negatively charged
electrons may be lost or gained.
• The loss of one or more electrons
from a neutral atom results in a
cation, an ion with a net positive
charge.

Na atom Na ion
11 Protons 11 Protons • An atom that gains electrons becomes a negatively charged anion.
• An atom that gives up electrons becomes a positively charged cation.
11 Electrons 10 Electrons
 Ions of the first twenty elements
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

• Binary ionic compounds are named by identifying first the positive ion and then the negative
ion.
• The positive ion takes the same name as the element; the negative ion takes the first part of its
name from the element and then adds the ending -ide.
• For example, KBr is named potassium bromide—potassium for the ion, and bromide for the
negative Br ion derived from the element bromine.
 Binary Compounds (Type I; Ionic)
• Binary ionic compounds contain a positive ion (cation), always written first in the
formula, and a negative ion (anion).
Presentation by Hari Prasad

• In the naming of these compounds, the following rules apply:

• 1. The cation is always named first and the anion second.
• 2. A monatomic (meaning from one atom) cation takes its name from the name of
the element.
• For example, Na+ is called sodium in the names of compounds containing this ion.
• 3. A monatomic anion is named by taking the first part of the element name and
adding -ide.
• Thus the Cl2 ion is called chloride.
In type I, the metal involved forms only a single type of cation
 Binary Compounds (Type II; Ionic)
• Many metals can form more than one type of positive ion and thus form more than
Presentation by Hari Prasad

one type of ionic compound with a given anion.

• For example, compound FeCl2 contains Fe2+ ions, and the compound FeCl3
contains Fe3+ ions.
• In cases such as these, the charge on the metal ion must be specified.
• The systematic names for these two iron compounds are iron(II) chloride and
iron(III) chloride, respectively, where the Roman numeral indicates the charge of
the cation.
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Give systematic names for the following compounds:
• NaCl = Sodium chloride
Presentation by Hari Prasad

• MgCl2 = Magnesium chloride (Magnesium (group 2A) forms only a 2+ cation,

so there must be 2 fluoride ions to balance the charge)
• CrCl3 = Chromium(III) chloride (The Roman numeral III is necessary to
specify the charge on chromium (a transition metal).)
• PbS = Lead(II) sulphide (The sulphide anion (S2-) has a double negative
charge, so the lead cation must be doubly positive)
• Fe2O3 = Iron(III) oxide (The three oxide anions (O2-) have negative charge
of -6, so the two iron cations must have a total charge of +6. Thus, a
total each is Fe(III).)
 • Certain metals, especially the transition metals, can form more than one type of
cation.
Presentation by Hari Prasad

• Take iron as an example. Iron can form two cations: Fe2+ and Fe3+.
• An older nomenclature system that is still in limited use assigns the ending “-ous”
to the cation with fewer positive charges and the ending “-ic” to the cation with
more positive charges:
• Fe2+ - ferrous ion
• Fe3+ - ferric ion
• The names of the compounds that these iron ions form with chlorine would thus be:
• FeCl2 = ferrous chloride
• FeCl3 = ferric chloride
 Binary Compounds (Type III; Covalent—Contain
Two Nonmetals)
• Binary covalent compounds are formed between two
nonmetals.
Presentation by Hari Prasad

• Although these compounds do not contain ions, they are

named very similarly to binary ionic compounds.
• In the naming of binary covalent compounds, the following
rules apply:
1. The first element in the formula is named first, using the full
element name.
2. The second element is named as if it were an anion.
3. Prefixes are used to denote the numbers of atoms present.
4. The prefix mono- is never used for naming the first element.
For example, CO is called carbon monoxide, not monocarbon
monoxide.
 Examples of covalent compounds formed by nitrogen and oxygen
Presentation by Hari Prasad
 Compounds and Mixtures
Matter
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Pure substances Mixtures

Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous

 H2O

Compounds
O
• A compound is also a pure substance, but it
consists of atoms of two or more elements always
Presentation by Hari Prasad

chemically combined in the same proportion. H

• For example, in the compound water, there are two
H
hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom, which is
represented by the formula H2O.
• This means that water always has the same H
composition of H2O.
H
N
H C
Ammonia-NH3 H H

Methane-CH4
H
H
Presentation by Hari Prasad

NaCl
 Mixture

Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture

Presentation by Hari Prasad

• In a mixture, two or more different substances are physically mixed. Chemically they are not combined.
• Much of the matter in our everyday lives consists of mixtures.
• The air we breathe is a mixture of mostly oxygen and nitrogen gases.
• Mixtures are one product of mechanically blending or mixing chemical substances such
as elements and compounds, without chemical bonding or other chemical change, so that each ingredient
substance retains its own chemical properties.
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Homogeneous mixture: Heterogeneous mixture:

• Two elements dissolve in each • Two elements don’t dissolve in each other
other • Solute and solvent can easily be separated by
• Solute and solvent are evenly physical method
• E.g.: water and sand; Blood
dispersed • Blood is a mixture that can be separated by a
• E.g.: salt water, alloys (Steel, machine called a centrifuge into its two main parts:
Brass) plasma and red blood cells
 Suspension Colloid
Alloys
Flour
Milk
Presentation by Hari Prasad

Substitutional solid soln. Interstitial solid soln.

(e.g., Cu in Ni) (e.g., C in Fe)

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Presentation by Hari Prasad Atoms