Chapter 04:

Analysis of Structures
(Part 2)
Engg 1013 – Statics of Rigid Bodies
Topic Outline (Part 2)

 Analysis of Structures: Definitions and Concepts

 Analysis of Plane trusses (Method of Joints, Method of Sections,
Trusses with counter diagonals)
 Analysis of Pin-Connected Frames (Method of Members)
 Analysis of Structures:
Definitions and Concepts
 The analysis of a structure is the process by which we
determine how the loads applied to a structure are distributed
throughout the structure
 We limit ourselves pin-connected types (those that consist of
assemblages of bars fastened together by smooth bolts or
pins).
 Our objective here is to determine the forces acting in the bars
upon the pins or hinges of structure.
Two Types of Structures:
1. Pin – connected trusses – the axis of internal forces in a bar is
directed along the axis of the bar
2. Pin – connected frames – the members are subjected to bending
 The analysis is based upon the principle that if the
structure is in equilibrium, then each of its members is
also in equilibrium
 By applying the equations of equilibrium to the various
parts of a simple truss, frames, or machine, we will be
able to determine all the forces acting at the
connections.

Truss (Definition)
 A truss is a structure composed of members fastened
together in such a way as to resist change in shape and
it is a rigid structure
 A truss is a structure composed of slender members
joined together at their end points
 The joint connections are usually formed by bolting or welding the ends
of the members to a plate , called a gusset plate, or by simply passing a
large bolt or pin through each of the members
 The purpose of a truss is to support a larger load or span a greater
distance than any individual any member from which the truss may be
built
 To make the structure rigid, its members must be fastened together in
such a way to prevent any movement between them
Construction of Simple Trusses
1. In the construction of trusses, the basic 𝑩❑ 𝑫❑
design is three bars arranged to form a
❑
triangle ABC. 𝑨
❑
2. To this base triangle ABC two more bars may 𝑪 𝑬❑
may be added to locate a joint D.
3. Since A and D are now fixed relative to each other, two more bars may
be added at these joints to fasten together to determine E.
4. Continuing to add bars at joints rigid to one another, additional joints
can be determined and a truss consisting of many members may be
constructed,
5. Truss built up in this manner are known as simple truss.
❑
𝑩❑❑ • 𝑩❑
•
❑
❑
𝑪❑
• ❑ •
❑ •
❑
•
❑ 𝑨❑❑
❑❑
𝑨 •❑
•
𝑪 ❑
• ❑𝑫 •
Pin-Connected Structure •
Pin-Connected Frame
Rigid Frame Non-Rigid Frame
Assumption in Simple Truss or Assumption for Analysis or Design:
 To design both the members and the connection of a truss, it is first
necessary to determine the force developed in each member when the truss is
subjected to a given loading
 Assumptions:
1. All loadings are applied at the joints.
 In most situations, such as for bridge and roof trusses, this assumption is
true.
2. The members are joined together by smooth pins.
 In cases where bolted or welded joint connections are used, this assumption is
satisfactory provided the center lines of the joining members are concurrent.
 The members of a truss are joined together by means of pins at their ends
(actually large bolts known as pins which act as pivots) or by riveting or
welding them to a common plate as gusset plate
 If due care is taken to assemble the bars so that the centerlines of the
members intersect in a common point at each joint, the forces in the members
may be calculated as if they were pin-connected, even though their ends are
actually riveted or welded to a gusset plate
TENSION and COMPRESSION MEMBERS
 Members which are stretched are said to be in TENSION.
 Members which are shortened are said to be COMPRESSION
 In a typical truss shown, if the member CE is in Tension, isolating it from
the truss would give the free-body diagram shown, and its effect on the
joints of the truss would appear as forces T which pull away from these
joints
 Another member BD assumed to be in Compression would be isolated as
shown, would show a free-body diagram on the member BD, while its
𝑪 𝑩
effect on the joints of the truss would be represented 𝑫 C𝑪
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
by forces ❑
which
push toward
•
❑
𝑩the •
joints𝑫 ❑
•
𝑩 ❑
𝑪❑𝑪
❑
❑
•𝑫

•
❑

•
𝑨
• 𝑭❑
❑
𝑨
•
❑
•❑❑ • ❑ •
𝑬 ❑ •𝑭 ❑❑ 𝑪 ❑
𝑻 ❑ ❑ ❑❑
𝑻𝑷𝑬
•• 𝑪 ❑
𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐓𝐫𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝑷 ❑
•• 𝑻 𝑻
𝑪 𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑬
Analysis of Trusses

 Method of Joints
 Method of Sections
 Graphical Method (topic in Structural Theory)
The Method of JOINTS: (Concurrent and Coplanar Force
System)
Limitations:
1. Maximum of Two Unknowns 2. Maximum of Two Equations
 If a truss is in equilibrium, then each joint must also be in
equilibrium
 Therefore, the method of joints consist of satisfying the
equilibrium conditions for the forces exerted on the pin at each
joint of the truss
 Since the truss members are all two-force members lying in the
same plane, the force system acting at each pin is a coplanar
and concurrent of equilibrium can be written.
 since only two independent equations of equilibrium can be
written for a concurrent force system, the analysis should start
at a joint having at least one or two unknown forces
 In this way, application𝜮of𝑭 𝒙 =𝑶 𝜮and
𝑭 𝒚 =𝑶 yields two
algebraic equations which can be solved for the two unknowns
 When applying these equations, the correct sense of an
unknown member force can be determined using one of two
possible methods
 Once these forces have been determined, their effects on
adjacent joints are known, and continue solving the
concurrent force system acting at successive joints until the
unknown forces in all members have been found
 In solving problems using the method of joints, always assume
the unknown member forces acting on the joint’s free-body
diagram to be in TENSION
 If this is done, then numerical solution of the equilibrium
equation will yield positive value for members in TENSION
and negative value for members in COMPRESSION
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS:
Prior to Truss Analysis, determine the support reactions using equilibrium
equations.
1. Choose a pin, that is, a joint, on which no more than two unknown members
act. When the force in each member has been determined, it is indicated on
the original truss diagram by arrows at each end of the member. Call these
members marked member. Always remember that all unknown members must
be assumed to be in TENSION.
2. Draw the FBD of the next pin having only two unmarked members assuming
all the forces in the unmarked members to be in tension. Solve the resulting
concurrent forces for the unknown forces. If the positive value is obtained for
any force, the result will be correct in magnitude.
3. After determining the forces at a pin, mark the original truss diagram with
appropriate arrows at each end. Remember that the arrows act away from the
pins for tension and toward the pin for compression.
4. From the original truss diagram, select the next pin at which there are only
two unmarked and determine the forces. Continue the procedure until you
have marked all the members.
Problem: Compute the force in each member
of the Warren truss shown.
Solution: ❑
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃❑
Support Reactions:
+𝜮 𝑴 𝑬 =0 𝑩❑ 𝑫❑
-=0
𝑹 𝑨 =𝟒𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝟔𝟎°❑
𝟔𝟎 ° ❑
𝟔𝟎 ° ❑𝟔𝟎°
❑

𝑨❑ 𝑬❑
𝜮 𝑭 𝑽 =𝑶 𝟏𝟎 ′ ❑ 𝑪❑𝟏𝟎 ′
❑
R+ RE = 2000 + 3000 +
4000
𝑹 𝑬 =𝟒𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝑹𝑨 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ❑
𝑹𝑬
 @ joint A @ joint B
❑
❑ 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
𝑨𝑩
° 𝑩❑ 𝑩𝑫
❑ 𝟔𝟎 ° ❑
𝑨 𝑨𝑪 ❑ 𝟔𝟎
°
𝟔𝟎
𝑩𝑪 ❑
𝑹𝑨 ❑
𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟕 .𝟒𝟕
𝜮 𝑭 𝑽 =𝑶 𝜮 𝑭 𝑽 =𝑶
=0 𝑩𝑪 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎°=𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟕 .𝟒𝟕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎°−𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎❑
𝑩𝑪=+𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟖 .𝟎𝟔 𝒍𝒃 ( 𝑻 )❑
𝜮 𝑭 𝑯 =𝑶 𝜮 𝑭 𝑯 =𝑶
𝟎= 𝐀𝐂 + 𝑨𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟎° ❑ 𝑩𝑫=− 𝑩𝑪 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟎° − 𝑨𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟎°❑
❑

𝟎= 𝐀𝐂 +( −𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟕.𝟒𝟕 ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟎°❑ 𝑩𝑫=−𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟖.𝟎𝟔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟎°−𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟕.𝟒𝟕𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟎°❑❑

𝑨𝑪=+𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟑.𝟕𝟒𝒍𝒃 ( 𝑻 )❑ (C)
@ joint C
@𝑩𝑪 ❑ E 𝑪𝑫 ❑
joint 𝑫𝑬 ❑
𝟔𝟎° 𝟔𝟎°
❑ 𝑪𝑬 ❑ 𝟔𝟎 ° ❑
𝑨𝑪 ❑ 𝑪 𝑬
❑
𝑪𝑬
𝑹 𝑬 =4750 𝒍𝒃
❑
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
𝜮 𝑭 𝑽 =𝑶 𝜮 𝑭 𝑽 =𝑶
❑
𝑪𝑫 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎°=− 𝑩𝑪 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎°+𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 ❑
𝑫𝑬 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟔𝟎°=−𝟒𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃
❑ 𝑫𝑬 =−𝟓𝟒𝟖𝟒 . 𝟖𝟑𝒍𝒃 𝐨𝐫 𝟓𝟒𝟖𝟒 .𝟖𝟑𝒍𝒃 ( 𝑪 )
𝑪𝑫=+𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟎 .𝟕𝟒 𝐥𝐛 ( 𝐓 )
𝜮 𝑭 𝑯 =𝑶 Use member CE as a Check
𝜮 𝑭 𝑯 =𝑶
(optional):
𝑪𝑬= 𝑨𝑪+ 𝑩𝑪 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟎°− 𝐂𝐃 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟔𝟎°❑ °
❑ 𝑪𝑬=− 𝑫𝑬 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟎
𝑪𝑬=+𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟐.𝟒𝒍𝒃 ( 𝑻 ) 𝑪𝑬=− ( 𝟓𝟒𝟖𝟒 .𝟖𝟑 ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟎
°
❑
𝑪𝑬=+𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟐.𝟒𝒍𝒃 ( 𝑻 ) 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌
GIVEN: SOLUTION SUMMARY:

❑
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃❑

𝑪)
𝑩❑ (C)
𝑫❑

)
(𝐓
𝒍𝒃 (

𝟐𝟓

𝐥𝐛

𝟓𝟒
. 𝟒𝟕

𝟗𝟖

. 𝟕𝟒

𝟖𝟒
. 𝟎𝟔

. 𝟖𝟑
𝟐𝟎
𝟎𝟕
❑ ❑
𝟔𝟎° 𝟔𝟎 ° ❑
𝟔𝟎 ° ❑𝟔𝟎°

𝟒𝟗

𝟐𝟎
𝒍𝒃
𝑨❑ 𝑬❑

𝒍𝒃 (
𝑻) (
𝑪𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟐

𝑪)
𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟑 .𝟕𝟒 𝒍𝒃 ( 𝑻 ) ❑ .𝟒 𝒍𝒃 ( 𝑻 )

10’ 10’
𝑹𝑨 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ❑
𝑹𝑬
Method of SECTIONS: (Non-Concurrent Force Systems)
Limitations:
1. Three Unknowns 2. Three Equations
 We have seen that the method of joints consist of analyzing trusses by
applying the principles of equilibrium to the concurrent force systems
acting at each joint
 The principles of equilibrium of non-concurrent force systems may
also be applied to truss analysis
 The procedure is known as the METHOD OF SECTIONS
 The method of sections is used to determine the loading acting within a
body
 It is based on the principle that if a body is in equilibrium, if a body is
in equilibrium, then any part of the body is also in
equilibrium.
 It is based on the principle that its use permits to determine directly the
force in almost any member instead of proceeding to that member by a
joint-to-joint analysis
 To apply the method of section, a cutting plane is passed through the
entire truss separating it into two parts without cutting more than three
members
 We shall then have two parts of the truss, each constituting a non-
concurrent force systems in equilibrium under the action of the known
loads that act on each part and the unknown forces that the members
 The method of sections can also be used to “cut” or section several
members of an entire truss
 Since only three independent equilibrium equations 𝜮 ( 𝑭 𝒙 =𝑶𝜮, 𝑭 𝒚 =𝑶 ,
) can be applied to isolated part of the truss, one should try to
select a section which contain not more than three unknown members.
 For example, consider the truss shown:
𝒂 𝒂
𝑩𝑫 𝑭 𝑯 𝑩 𝑩𝑫𝑫𝑩𝑫
′ 𝑫 𝑭 𝑯

A 𝑱 𝑪𝑫
𝑪𝑫
𝑪 𝑬 𝑮𝑰 𝑨 𝑱
𝑪𝑪𝑬 𝑪𝑬 𝑬 𝑮 𝑰
𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑵𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑵𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑵𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑵
𝟐𝟎𝒌𝑵 ❑2
𝟐𝟎𝒌𝑵 𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑵 𝒂 𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑵𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑵𝟏𝟎𝒌𝑵 𝟐𝟎𝒌𝑵
𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆
𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈
❑
𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆
− 𝒂𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂 − 𝒂 ❑
𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒕 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂 𝑹𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕

 If a section cuts BD, CD, and CE the truss is separated into two parts, each
being held in equilibrium by unknown forces equal to the loads being
transmitted by these members.
 Since the unknown in either parts
are the same, it is best to determine
the unknowns from the simpler
system since member it involves
fewer forces
 From the diagram it is much simpler
to analyze the of the truss diagram
since it carries lesser load.
 To determine BD, select C as the
moment center
 To determine CE, select D’ as the The procedure just described
moment center which is the the METHOD OF SECTION which
intersection of members BD and CD permit us to determine the
 To determine the force in member force in any desired without the
CD, use the summation of forces necessity of finding forces in
vertical to eliminate CE and BD other members.
Problem 417: Using the method of sections, determine the force in
members BD, CD, and CE of the roof truss shown.
𝒂 Cutting plane Left section “a-a”
𝑩 𝑩𝑫
❑
,, 𝑫 𝑫′
𝟗′ 𝟗′
❑ 𝑪𝑫
𝑨 ❑
𝑭 𝑨
𝟏𝟐 ′ 𝑪 𝑪𝑬
❑ ❑
𝟏𝟐′ 𝑪 𝒂𝟏𝟐′ 𝑬 𝟏𝟐 ′
𝑹𝑨
𝑹𝑨 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ❑ 𝑹𝑭
+ 𝜮 𝑴 𝑭 =𝟎 𝜮 𝑭 𝑽 =𝑶
𝟑𝟔 𝑹 𝑨 =𝟑𝟔𝟎 ( 𝟏𝟐 ) 𝑹 𝑭 =𝟑𝟔𝟎− 𝑹 𝑨
Example: Determine the forces in members DE and HJ of the truss
shown. 𝟒𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔𝟒𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔𝟒 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔𝟒 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
𝟒 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
𝒎❑ 𝒏
𝑩 𝑫 𝑭 𝑯 𝑱

𝟐𝟎 ′
𝑨 𝑳
𝟑𝟎 ′ 𝑪𝟑𝟎 ′𝑬𝟑𝟎 ′ 𝑮
𝟑𝟎 ′ 𝑰𝟑𝟎𝑲
′ 𝟑𝟎′
𝟔𝟎𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝟔𝟎𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝟔𝟎𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔𝟔𝟎𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔𝟔𝟎𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
𝒎𝒏 ❑

= 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔

 Considering the entire the entire truss as a free body, we determine
the reactions at A and L
 Cont. 𝟒𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 4 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
𝑯𝑱 𝑩 𝑩𝑫
𝑱
𝑰𝑱
𝟐𝟎 ′ 𝑫𝑬
𝑰 𝑳
𝑰𝑲 𝑲 𝑨 𝑪 𝑬 𝑬𝑮
𝟑𝟎 ′ 𝟑𝟎 ′
𝟔𝟎𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝟔𝟎𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
𝟔𝟎𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
+ 𝜮 𝑴 𝑰 =0 𝜮 𝑭 𝑽 =𝑶
❑ ❑
𝑯𝑱 ( 𝟐𝟎 )=𝟔𝟎 ( 𝟑𝟎 ) +𝟒 ( 𝟑𝟎 ) −𝟏𝟔𝟎 ( 𝟔𝟎 ) 𝑫𝑬=𝟔𝟎+𝟔𝟎+𝟒− 𝟏𝟔𝟎
𝑯𝑱 =− 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔(𝑪) 𝑫𝑬 =−𝟑𝟔 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔 ( 𝑪 )
Redundant Members: Counter Diagonals
 In trusses subjected to moving loads such as railroad
bridges, the diagonal members may undergo a reversal stress,
that is, a diagonal which is in tension may undergo
compression
 If the diagonal is so slender compared with its length that it
will buckle or bend under compressive loads, in the truss panel
to prevent collapse of the structure
 Additional diagonal of this type is called redundant, that is,
unnecessary
 As only one of these diagonals acts at a time, the term
redundant does not apply in this case, although it is frequently
used
 These additional diagonals are generally known as counter
diagonals more briefly counters
 They are represented by dashed lines on a truss
 In considering the action of the counters, it is simple to regard them as
wires that can support tension but will buckle or bend instantly if
subjected to compression
 In the analysis of counters of a truss panel it is the tension member that
must be determined, not the compressive member
Example: The center diagonals of the truss as shown can support tension
only. Compute the force in each center diagonal and the force BC, DE and
FG. 𝑩
𝒙 𝑫 𝒚𝑭 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵

𝟐𝟎𝒎
𝑨 𝑪 𝑯 𝑹𝑯 𝑯

𝟐𝟎𝒎 𝟐𝟎𝒎 𝑬 𝟏𝟓𝒎𝑮𝟏𝟓𝒎

𝒙 𝒚
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝑹𝑪 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝑹𝑯 𝑽
 Cont.
𝟓𝟎 𝑹 𝒄=𝟔𝟎𝟎 ( 𝟑𝟎 ) +𝟔𝟎𝟎 ( 𝟏𝟓 ) +𝟑𝟎𝟎 (𝟐𝟎 ) +𝟐𝟎𝟎 ( 𝟕𝟎 )
𝑹 𝒄=𝟗𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝜮 𝑭 𝑽 =𝑶 𝜮 𝑭 𝑽 =𝑶
𝜮 𝑭 𝑽 =𝑶
𝑹 𝑯 ¿𝟐𝟎𝟎+𝟔𝟎𝟎+𝟔𝟎𝟎− 𝑹𝑪
𝑽
❑
𝑩𝑬
( )
𝟏
√𝟐
=− 𝟐𝟎𝟎+𝟗𝟒𝟎
❑
𝑫𝑮 ( )
𝟒
𝟓
=𝟔𝟎𝟎 −𝟒𝟔𝟎
❑

𝑹 𝑯 =𝟒𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝑽 𝑩𝑬 =𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟔. 𝟓𝟐𝒌𝑵 ( 𝑻 ) 𝑫𝑮=𝟏𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑵 ( 𝑻 )
𝑳𝒆𝒇𝒕 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑿 − 𝑿
𝑩❑ 𝑩𝑫 ❑ 𝑹𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒀 − 𝒀
𝑭
𝟏❑√ 𝟐❑ 𝑫𝑭 ❑ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝟏 𝑩𝑬 ❑
𝟐𝟎′❑
❑ 𝑭𝑬=𝟎
𝑪𝑫=𝟎❑
𝑨❑ 𝑫𝑮
𝟐𝟎′❑ 𝑪❑ 𝑪𝑬 ❑ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝑬𝑮 𝑮❑ 𝑯❑
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵❑ 𝟗𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵❑ 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝟒𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵
Analysis of Pin-Connected Frames (Method of
Members)
Three-force members
 A three-force member one subjected to three or more forces applied at
different positions
 It is usually subjected to bending loads, and according to above
definition, any beam is a three-force member
𝑷 𝑨❑ 𝑨 𝑽 𝑩𝑽 𝑩❑
𝑨 𝑩 𝜽𝑨 𝜽𝑨
𝑨𝑯 𝑨❑ 𝑩❑
𝑩𝑯
𝑹𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝑯𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑯𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝑯𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒆
𝑹𝑩 𝑹𝑨 𝑹𝑩
𝑹𝑨 𝑽
𝑽
𝑽
𝑽

𝑭𝒊𝒈 .1: 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒎𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒆❑ 𝑭𝒊𝒈.𝟐: 𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒎𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒅 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕❑

 Fig.1 shows a beam which is supported by a hinge at one end and
a roller at the other end
 The reactions are vertical since the roller permits the ends of the
beam to approach each other as the beam flexes
 In Fig. 2, if both ends of the beam are hinged to rigid supports,
the flexing action of the bending load will be restrained, causing
the horizontal components of the end reaction shown
 this effect occurs in all members which are hinged at both ends
and subjected to bending loads
 Fig. 2 shows four unknown elements
 they may be represented by two unknowns A and B plus the two
𝜽 𝑨𝜽 𝑩 and ,
angles or by the unknown magnitudes of their
, , , that
corresponding components, 𝑩is,
𝑯 and
 the three equations of equilibrium are not sufficient to solve for
all four of these unknowns
 Take note that in the characteristic action of a three-force
member, the end forces are not directed along the axis of
the member as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2
 A section passed through a three-force member will show
that the member is subjected not only an axial tension or
compression but also to bending action whose effect varies
with location of the section
 Therefore, it is not easy to analyze structure containing
three-force members by passing a section through members
 Instead we must disconnect the members and draw a free-
body diagram of each one
Method of Members:
 If some or all the members of a pin-connected structure are
subjected to bending action, the structure is called a frame
 since it is not possible to pass a section through the members of such
structure, they are analyzed by a separate free-body of each three-force
member and this procedure is called method of members
 the essential principle involved in drawing the FBD of the frame that of
action and reaction
 when separating member for analysis, the forces (usually represented
by their components) exerted by connecting pins, as acting in
opposite directions on separated members
 If either component of a force is incorrectly assumed in direction, the
solution is still correct in magnitude but with negative sign.
Example: For the frame loaded as shown, determine the horizontal and
vertical components of the pin pressure at B. Specify directions (up or
down, left or right) of the force as it act upon member CD
𝑪❑ 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃
+𝜮 𝑴 𝑨 =𝟎
𝟐′❑
𝟒 𝑹 𝑫 =𝟐𝟎𝟎 (𝟐 ) +𝟑𝟎𝟎 ( 𝟔 )
𝟐 𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 𝑩•
❑
𝑽

❑ 𝑹 𝑫 =𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ( 𝒖𝒑 )
𝑽

𝜮 𝑭 𝑽 =𝑶
𝟒′❑ 𝑹 𝑨 =𝟓𝟓𝟎 −𝟐𝟎𝟎❑
𝑽

𝑹 𝑨𝑨 𝑹𝑫 𝑹 𝑨 =𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ( 𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏 )
𝑽
•❑ ❑ 𝑫• ❑ 𝑯
𝑽

𝑹𝑨 𝑯 𝟐′❑ 2 ′❑ 𝑹𝑫 𝑽
Cont.: 𝑭𝑩𝑫 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝑫❑ 𝑭𝑩𝑫 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑩❑
𝜮 𝑭 𝑽 =𝑶 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒍𝒃 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃
𝑹 𝑩 =𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃
𝑪❑
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 •
𝑩❑
❑
𝑽

+𝜮 𝑴 𝑩=𝟎 𝟐′❑ 𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃

𝟒 𝑹 𝑫 =𝟑𝟎𝟎 (𝟐 )
𝑯
•
𝑩❑
❑ 𝑹𝑩 𝑯

𝑹 𝑫 =𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃 (𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 ) 𝑹𝑨 𝑯 𝑨•❑

𝑯
𝑹𝑩 ❑𝟐′ 𝟐′
𝜮 𝑭 𝑯 =𝑶 𝟒′❑
𝑽

𝑹 𝑩 =𝟑𝟎𝟎 +𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝑯 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃❑
𝑹 𝑩 =𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ( 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 ) 𝜮 𝑭 𝑯 =𝑶
𝑹 𝑨 = 𝑹𝑩
•𝑫❑
𝑯

❑ 𝑹𝑫 𝑯
𝑯 𝑯

𝑹 𝑨 =𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ( 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 )
𝑯

𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃
 Problem: The structure shown is hinged at A and C. Find the horizontal and
vertical components of the hinge force at B, C and A.
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃❑ 𝑭𝑩𝑫 𝒐𝒇 𝑩𝑪
′ ′
𝟓 𝟓
𝑪❑❑ ❑ 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃❑
• •𝑩❑ 𝑪 𝟓′ ′ 𝑹❑
𝟒 ′ ❑ 𝟏′❑ 𝑹𝑪 𝟓 𝑩 𝑩
•❑ •❑
𝑯
𝑯

𝑹𝑪 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃❑
𝟖′ 𝑽

𝑹𝑪 𝑽
𝑹𝑩 𝑽

𝑨❑❑ + 𝜮 𝑴 𝑪 =𝟎
• 𝟏𝟎 𝑹 𝑩 =𝟓 ( 𝟐𝟎𝟎 )
𝟔′ 𝟐′ 𝑽

+𝜮 𝑴 𝑨 =0 𝑹𝑨 𝑽 𝑹 𝑩 =𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃 ↑
𝑽

𝟒 𝑹 𝒄 =𝟐𝟎𝟎 ( 𝟏 )+ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ( 𝟖 )𝜮 𝑭 𝑽 =𝑶
𝑽
𝜮 𝑭 𝑯 =𝟎❑
𝑹 𝑨 =𝟐𝟓𝟎+𝟐𝟎𝟎+𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑹 𝑩 = 𝑹𝑪
↓ 𝑽

𝑹 𝑨 =𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃↑
𝑽
𝑯 𝑯
Cont.:
𝑭𝑩𝑫 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝑩❑
𝑹𝑩 𝑽 +𝜮 𝑴 𝑨 =0
𝑹𝑩 𝑩❑ 𝟔 𝑹 𝑩 +𝟏𝟎𝟎 ( 𝟖 ) =𝟖 𝑹 𝑩
•❑
𝑽 𝑯
𝑯
𝟔 ( 𝟏𝟎𝟎 )❑+ 𝟖𝟎𝟎=𝟖 𝑹 𝑩
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃❑ 𝑯

𝟖 ′❑ 𝑹 𝑩 =𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒍𝒃 →
𝑯

𝑹𝑨 𝑨 𝜮 𝑭 𝑯 =𝑶
❑ 𝑯
•❑ 𝟔 ′❑
𝑹 𝑩 = 𝑹𝑪
2 ′❑ 𝑯 𝑯

𝑹 𝑪 =𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒍𝒃→
𝑯

𝑹𝑨 𝑽 𝑹 𝑨 = 𝑹𝑩
𝑯 𝑯

𝑹 𝑨 =𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒍𝒃 →
𝑯