Chapter 4 - Photogrammetric Surveying (1)

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND
ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING
Surveying II
CENG 2092
Chapter 4
Photogrammetric
Surveying
Tamru T.
2012EC (2019/20GC)
2nd Sem
Photogrammetry
 The method of determining the shapes,
sizes and position of objects using
photographs.
 based on the possibility of optically

projecting the terrain onto a flat
surface
Use of photogrammetry
 Determining spatial information

Distance

Elevation

Area

Volume

Cross -section
 Construction of topographical
map
Two types photogrammetry
 Aerial: photograph taken from air
 Terrestrial: photograph taken on or

near the ground
Two types of photographs
Vertica
l
Photo
Photo plane
plane
Vertical
Camera
Camera Axis
Axis
Vertical
Oblique
Photograph
Photograph
Vertical photograph
Oblique photograph
Advantage of aerial photograph
 Speed of coverage of an area
 Ease of obtaining topography
in inaccessible area
 Freedom from possible omission of data
in the field
 The tremendous amount of detail shown
History of photogrammetry
 1851 --- produced the first camera
 1858 --- aerial photograph began from
balloons and measurement on
photographs
 1875 – produced the first aerial camera
 1888 --- ground photography began
 1901 --- introduced stereoscopic
principle of measurement
 World War II gave rise to a new
What information can I find on an air photo?
What information …….
Aerial Photogrammetry
Definition of technical terms
 Exposure (or Air) Station (O) is a point in the air occupied by the front
nodal
point of the camera lens at instant of exposure.
 Perspective projection: a projection is said to be perspective when the

straight rays radiate from the common or selected point and pass
thorough points on the sphere to the plane of projection.
 Perspective Center (O): the real or imaginary point of the origin of

bundles of perspective rays is known as perspective center.
 Flying height (H): is the elevation of the exposure station O above mean
sea
level.
 Line of flight: a line which represents the track of an aircraft on an

existing map
Technical terms in Figure
 Focal Length (f): The distance from the front nodal point of the
lens to the plane of the photograph
 Principal point (p and P): principal point is a point where a

perpendicular dropped from the front nodal point of the camera
lens strikes the photograph.
 Nadir point (plumb point)(ν or V) : The point where a plumb

line dropped from the front nodal point, strikes the photograph
 Principal line (νp) : is the line of intersection of the principal

plane with the plane of photograph.
 Tilt (t): Tilt is the angle νOp which the optical axis makes with
the plumb line.
 Tilted photograph : At the time of exposure if the camera axis

(or optical axis) is tilted intentionally from the plumb line by a
small amount usually less than 3°
 Isocenter (i): is the point i in which the bisector Oi of the

angle
of tilt meets the photograph.
 Swing(s): The horizontal angle measured clockwise in the plane

of the photograph from the positive y-axis to the plumb point is
known as the swing.
 Azimuth of the principal plane (∝) : is the
clockwise horizontal angle ∝ measured about the
ground-nadir point from the ground survey north
meridian to the principal plane of the photograph.
 Horizon Point (h): the point of intersection of the

principal line vip produced with the horizontal line
Oh through the exposure station O, is known as
the horizon point.
Scale of a vertical photograph—flat area
Image Displacement
p, c b
v
f
O
B
E
H
h
Datu
C P, m
V
Mirror Stereoscope
Stereoscopic Vision
 Overlapping photographs  3D view
The impression of depth is caused by:
 Relative apparent size of near and
far objects
 Effects of light and shade
 Viewing of an object simultaneously by two

eyes which is separated in space  principle
of stereoscopic vision
Parallax
 The algebraic difference of the distances of
two images of a ground point from their
perspective principal point, measured
parallel to the air base.
◾ Parallaxheighting is the process of finding

the height of objects from stereo-pair of
photographs that have no tilt and are taken
from the same flying height.
Determination of height of object
O B O
1 a c
f d
b
P Q
C D' A B C D
'
' Q P
P fig.
X b
Q' b c
H d
a
h
x P b Q P Q
Y ' '
h fig.
y Datu
c
m
fig. a
 The parallax of X has magnitude of PB – (-
CQ) when distances are measured positive
to the right. Parallax of Y is PA – (-DQ).
If hy = 0, Py = bm
Flight Planning
 In order to obtain stereo pairs, every part of the ground to
be surveyed must be photographed at least twice.
Flight lines
Over lap and side lap
Air Base
Photograph Required
 Lp = length of the photograph in cms in the direction of flight
 Lg = Net ground distance corresponding to Lp
 Wp = width of photograph in cms at right angles to the direction
of flight
 Wg = Net ground distance corresponding to Wp
 OL = %longitudinal overlap
 Ow = % of side overlap
 S = scale of photograph
 Ap = Net area of the ground in each photograph
 Ag = Total area land to be photographed
 N = Numbers of photographs required
Overlaps Formula
Total Number of photograph
Example 1: In pair of overlapping vertical photographs the mean distances
between two principal points lying on the datum is 6.385 cm. the flying height
of the aircraft at the time of photography, was 580 m above datum. Determine
the difference of parallel for top and bottom of a tower of height 115 m having
base in the datum surface. The focal length of the camera is 150 mm.
Solution:
B = (b/f)H = (6.385X580/15) = 246.89 m

Parallax is given by :
P = (Bf)/(H – h)
For the bottom of the tower, h = 0.
Hence PT = (246.89x150/(580-115) = 79.64
mm PB = (246.89x150/580) = 63.85 mm
The difference of parallax is given by
p = PT – PB = 79.64 – 63.85 = 15.79 mm
The result can be checked

h = hT – hB = (H p)/(bm + p)
= (580x15.79)/(63.85 +
15.79) = 115 m ( the given
Example 2: An area 40 km in the north-south direction and 36 km in the
east- west direction, it to be photogrammetrically surveyed. For this, aerial
photography is to be made with the following data:
i) Photograph size = 20 cm x 20 cm
ii) Average scale of photographs = 1:15000
iii) Averaged elevation of the terrain (h) = 450 m
iv) End lap = 60%
v) Side lap = 30%
vi) Ground speed of the aircraft = 220km/hr
vii) Focal length of the camera = 30 cm
Calculate the following data:

a) Flying height of the aircraft
b) Number of photographs in each flight (i.e.
strip)
c) Number of flights (i.e. strips)
d) Total Number of photographs
e) Spacing of flight lines
f) Ground distance between exposures
g) Exposure interval
Solution
Given that
 S = 1/15000
 f = 30 cm
 Lp = 20 cm
 Wp = 20 cm
 Lo = 40 km
 Wo = 36 km
 H = 450 m
 E = 60%
 S = 30%
a) S = f/(H – h)  H = (f/S) + h = 4950 m
b) Number of photograph for each flight / Strip
N 1 = (Lo/L) + 1
L = Lp(1-E)/S = 20(1-0.6)x15000/100 = 1200
m N1 =(40x1000/1200) + 1 = 34.3 = 35
c) Number of flights or strips
N 2 = (Wo/W) + 1
W = Lp(1-Side lap)/S =
20(1-0.3)x15000/100 =
2100 m
N2 =(30x1000/2100) + 1
= 18.1 = 19
d) Total number of photographs
N = N 1 x N2 = 35x19 =
665

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SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND

 based on the possibility of optically

 Terrestrial: photograph taken on or

 Perspective projection: a projection is said to be perspective when the

 Perspective Center (O): the real or imaginary point of the origin of

 Line of flight: a line which represents the track of an aircraft on an

 Principal point (p and P): principal point is a point where a

 Nadir point (plumb point)(ν or V) : The point where a plumb

 Principal line (νp) : is the line of intersection of the principal

 Tilted photograph : At the time of exposure if the camera axis

 Isocenter (i): is the point i in which the bisector Oi of the

 Swing(s): The horizontal angle measured clockwise in the plane

 Horizon Point (h): the point of intersection of the

 Effects of light and shade

 Viewing of an object simultaneously by two

◾ Parallaxheighting is the process of finding

B = (b/f)H = (6.385X580/15) = 246.89 m

The result can be checked

Calculate the following data:

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