SHAFT

DESIGN
 SHAFT
• Is a rotating machine element which either receives power, transmits
power or both.
• Are of circular cross section
• Maybe solid or hollow depending upon the application
• Maybe of two types
-Transmission shaft
-Machine shaft
TRANSMISSION SHAFT

• They receive power

from one end and
delivers power at
one end
 MACHINE SHAFT

• Integral part of
machine
• They are the
main member
in a machine
AXLE

• It is a non-rotating member used for supporting rotating wheels etc.

and it does not really transmitting the torque, it is only acted upon by
bending moment mostly.
SPINDLE

• Simply a short shaft

Transmission shafts
from the PSME
Code, Machinery’s
handbook, Kent’s
M.E. handbook,
Terms such as lineshaft, headshaft, transmission
shaft, machinery shaft, countershaft, and flexible
shaft are names associated with special usage.

Most machine design books generally use the

term shaft to mean all of the above term
 MATERIAL

• Mostly steel
• Medium carbon steel
SHAFT DESIGN ASPECTS

•Strength
•Rigidity or stiffness
GENERAL RULE FOR SHAFT DESIGN

• In stiffness the shaft dimensions is

obviously are going to be much higher
compared to what you will get if you
consider the strain criteria.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SHAFT
DESIGN
1. Critical speed
Is the speed where it becomes dynamically
unstable.
Note: the frequency of free vibration of a non-
rotating shaft is the same as critical speed
 STANDARD SIZES OF SHAFT

Typical sizes for solid shaft

Note: this will be serve as
a guidelines for
Standard sizes of shafts
availability but maybe
there will be some
Up to 25 mm 0.5 mm increments
changes depending on the
25 to 50 mm 1.0 mm increments manufacturer but its
better to design our best
50 to 100 mm 2.0 mm increments on this type of available
sizes which will obviously
100 to 200 mm 5.0 mm increments make an economic
decision.
 MATERIALS FOR SHAFT

• Hot rolled plain carbon steel

- Is a mill process which involves rolling the steel at high temperatures
over 1700 degrees Fahrenheit. This steel is then cooled, which causes it to shrink, this
means there is less control over the size and shape of the finished product. This is
part of the reason hot rolled steel is typically cheaper than cold rolled steel. Hot rolled
steel is used when precise shapes and tolerances are not required. The three ways to
identify the hot rolled steel are scaly surface finish, rounded edges on bar stock and
non-oily surface. Typical application of hot rolled steel is our railroad tracks trailer
parts and other materials in the construction and welding trades. Hot rolled has a
better values of tensile strength and yield point and machining require to have
smooth surfaces
 MATERIALS FOR SHAFT

Cold drawn plain carbon steel

- Cold rolled steel is essentially hot rolled steel that has been processes
further. While hot rolled steel is heated and cooled, cold rolled steel is heated,
cooled at room temperature followed by annealing and temper rolling. This
additional processes allow for a wider range of finishes, and closer dimensional
tolerances. The term cold rolled steel is mistakenly used on all products but the
name actually refers to the rolling of flat rolled sheet and coil products. The term
cold finishing or cold drawn is used when referring to bar products, which usually
consist of cold drawn through a die to create the shape. The three ways to identify
the cold rolled steel are a very smooth surface and a very sharp edges on a bar
stock. It use for machine parts, axles, automotive components and much more.
Machining is minimum and it has wide acceptability for general purpose
 MATERIALS FOR SHAFT

• Alloy steels
- Are made by combining carbon steel with one or more alloying element.
Adding different combinations and proportions of elements gives the steel different
characteristics.
3 desired Attribute
1. Hardness
2. Corrosion resistance
3. Retention of hardness and strength
 MATERIALS FOR SHAFT

• Alloy steels
- Some common alloying elements used to achieve these
characteristics like:
Chromium - which adds increased toughness and wear resistance
Cobalt – used to improve hot hardness for application like cutting tools
Manganese – which increases surface hardness and resistance to strain,
hammering and shock
Molybdenum – which is used to increase strength and resistance to shock
and heat
Nickel – used to increase strength and toughness while also improving
 MATERIALS FOR SHAFT

• Alloy steels
- Some common alloying elements used to achieve these
characteristics like:
Vanadium – increases strength, toughness and shock resistance with
improved corrosion resistance
Chromium vanadium – is used to greatly improve tensile strength while
remaining easy to bend and cut
 MATERIALS FOR SHAFT
• Alloy steels
Most commonly used grades of alloy steel
1. 4140 – chromium molybdenum steel with good strength to wear resistance
excellent toughness and ductility with the ability to resist stress and creep at
prolonged high temperatures
2. 4340 – nickel chromium molybdenum steel, with deep hardenability, high
strength and high fatigue to tensile ratio.
3. 6150 – a chromium vanadium steel that features excellent toughness, shock and
abrasion resistance
4. 8620 – nickel chromium molybdenum steel, with good toughness and ductility
with increased case hardness
 MATERIALS FOR SHAFT

• Alloy steels
- Some common alloying elements used to achieve these
characteristics are chromium which adds increased toughness and wear resistance
- used for relatively severe service conditions
- however, to obtain total effect of alloying elements, parts need to be heat
treated
- lesser tendency to crack
- lesser warp and distortion
- residual stresses are less compared to carbon steel
 WHAT IF STRENGTH IS NOT IMPORTANT?

• In situation comes that not always the strength of the shaft is very
important but take note strength is a criteria for the design and the
shaft required to be very distant that means it should have less wear in
that particular case, one can has to keep his/her attention more on to
make this shaft surface such that it is were resistance in comparison
maybe strength is not that important so you know this where resistance
of the shaft means that one has to harden the surfaces.
 COMMON TYPE OF SURFACE HARDENING
METHODOLOGIES
• Case hardening- is a process of surface hardening whereby the surface or case is substantially harder than the
core or inside metal.

• Carburizing- is a process of adding carbon to the surface of steel by exposing it to hot carbonaceous
solids, liquids.
• Cyaniding - As in liquid carburizing, cyaniding is accomplished by immersing the part in a hot ( about
1550 Fahrenheit ) liquid salt bath, sodium cyanide (NaCN) being a common medium in both
processes.
• Nitriding- In surface hardening by nitriding, the machine and heat-treated part is placed in a nitrogenous environment,
commonly ammonia gas, at temperature much lower than those used in the previously describes processes, say 1000
Fahrenheit.

- are very common in hardening the surfaces where wear resistance becomes important one has
to hardening these in such kind of situations
DESIGN CONSIDERATION

• Design based on strength

• Design based in stiffness

DESIGN BASED ON STRENGTH

• Is easily understandable in this situation is that it

should be able to withstand the external load
which is coming and acting on the shaft
• So we have to take care of the material properties
etc. so that the shaft do not fail.
DESIGN BASED IN STIFFNESS

• If we consider the design based on stiffness then it

comes to the picture is that even if you are having
a strength of the shaft its deflection should be
limited to a desired extension of the desired limit.
 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
• Example
- if we try to bend a pen, what will happen? We may observe a
deflection on the pen or may not break altogether but it will have a
simpler large deflection suppose applied by relatively smaller load. This in
certain cases is not desirable or in other words, suppose you apply a
torsion in both ends, then what happens? The ball pen may not break
once again but it can twist to a desirable extent so this is also sometimes
not desirable that means while designing the shaft then what will have is
the requirement that neither it should deflect to a large extent by
application of external torque. In both the cases, what should be the
tolerance level of either the deflection or the twist upon the use of the
shaft?
Consider the design based on strength at the beginning and then discuss
MAXIMUM TORSIONAL STRESS FORMULA

Solid shaft

Hollow shaft

B is the ratio of
inner to the
outer shaft and k
for solid shaft =0
 Angle of twist ( torsional
deformation)
; radians
π 4
J= D
32
π
J= ( D −d )
4 4
32
SHAFTS UNDER PURE BENDING

Maximum flexural
stress

𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑒
𝑆 𝑢 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 =
𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑒
SHAFTS UNDER PURE BENDING

32 MD 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒? 𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑑

Sf = 4 4
=S d 𝑆𝑢𝑠 𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 =
𝑃𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑑𝑜
π( D −d )
𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑢𝑠 𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 = ( )
𝑃𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 1−
 3
PL
SHAFT DEFLECTION y= For special case only
C sc EI

Shaft acts as a Shaft is simply Shaft has fixed

cantilever with load supported with supports with load
P at free end load P at midspan P at midspan
𝐶 𝑠𝑐 =3 𝐶 𝑠𝑐 = 48 𝐶 𝑠𝑐 =192
 A.S.M.E FORMULAS
SHAFT DESIGN STRESSES (ONLY SY AND SU ARE KNOWN)

𝑆 𝑠𝑑=0.3 𝑆 𝑦
𝑆 𝑠𝑑 =0.18 𝑆 𝑢 } Shear Design stress whichever is smaller: If
shaft has a keyway,
consider a strength
reduction factor of 0.75

𝑆 𝑠𝑑= 0.6 𝑆 𝑦
𝑆 𝑠𝑑 =0.36 𝑆Normal Design
𝑢
}
stress
whichever is smaller:
If shaft has a keyway,
consider a strength
reduction factor of
0.75
 ALLOWABLE DEFORMATIONS

Angle of Twist

Transmission shaft:

=1° in a length of 20 diameters

Machinery shaft:

=1° in a length of 20 diameters

ALLOWABLE DEFORMATIONS
 TRANSMISSION SHAFTS FROM THE PSME CODE,
MACHINERY’S HANDBOOK, KENT’S M.E.
HANDBOOK,
Above formulas were based on
3
𝑁𝐷 where: design stresses of:

𝑃= P = horsepower - 4 ksi for main power

transmitted transmitting shafts

𝑘 N = rpm
D = shaft diameter in
- 6 ksi for line shafts and,
- 8.5 ksi for small/short
shafts, and countershafts
Note:
inches

Code: PaNDak
 EMPIRICAL FORMULAS FROM MACHINERY HANDBOOK

Required Shaft Diameter:

•for an allowable
•for an allowable •for short, solid
angle of twist not shaft subjected
angle of twist not
exceeding 1 in a only to heavy
exceeding 0.08 per
length of 20 transverse shear
foot of length

√
diameters

𝐷=0.29 √ 𝑇
4 𝐷=0.1 √ 𝑇
3
D=
1.7 V
where:
D = shaft diameter in inches
Ss
T = torque in in-lb
V = maximum transverse shear
load, lb
Ss = maximum torsional
shearing stress, psi
 SHAFT SUPPORTED LENGTH VS. SHAFT DIAMETER
(DEFLECTION IS LIMITED TO 0.01 INCH PER FOOT OF LENGTH

• Shafting subjected
Shafting subjected to
to no bending
bending action due to
action except its
pulleys
own weight where:

𝐿=8.95 √ 𝐷 𝐿=5.2 √ 𝐷
3 2 L = maximum distance 3 2
between bearings, feet
2
D = shaft diameter in 2
𝐿
3 𝐿 inches
3
𝐷 =
𝐷 = 5.2
8.95

Dare to try Love, Its Dare to try Love, Finds

not fine two
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

• A shaft is transmitting at 240 rpm. Determine the diameter of shaft if the maximum
permissible torque excesses mean torque by 20%. Take maximum allowable stress as 60
Mpa.
Given:
P= 1 MW
Take note: Better use
N= 240 rpm this units for faster
computation

Safe Stress = 60 Mpa

 𝐵𝑦 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎
𝑟𝑒𝑣
2 𝜋 T mean (240 )
1 𝑥 106
𝑁 .𝑚
=
𝑠 16 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑠 60 𝑆 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
𝜋𝐷
𝑇 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =39,788.74 𝑁 .𝑚 𝑜𝑟 39,788.74 𝑥 10 3 𝑁 . 𝑚𝑚

16 ( 47,746,488 𝑁 .𝑚𝑚 )
3 60 𝑀𝑃𝑎=
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =( 1.2 ) 39,788.74 𝑥 10 𝑁 . 𝑚𝑚 𝜋𝐷
3

𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥 =47,746,488 𝑁 .𝑚𝑚

𝑫=𝟏𝟓𝟗 . 𝟒𝟒𝒎𝒎

Better use 160 mm for safe

design
 A shaft made of mild steel is required to transmit a 100 KW at 300 rpm. The
supported length of the shaft is 3 meters. It carries two pulleys each weighing 1500 N
supported at distance of one meter from the ends respectively. Assuming safe value of
stress as 60 Mpa, determine the diameter of the shaft.

Pulley Pulley
1500 N 1500 N
P= 100 KW Support Support
N= 300 RPM bearing bearing
L=3 meters Shaft
W=1500 N
Safe Stress= 60 MPa
1m 1m

3m
SOLVE FOR THE DIAMETER OF SHAFT BASED
ON BENDING AND TWISTING MOMENT

• Power transmitted by shaft (twisting

moment)
2 𝜋 𝑇𝑁
𝑃=
60

3
100 𝑥 10
𝑁 .𝑚
=
(
2 𝜋 T 300
rev
min )
𝑠 60

3
𝑇 =3,183.099 𝑁 . 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 3183.099 𝑥 10 𝑁 .𝑚𝑚
 BENDING MOMENT

1500 𝑁
1500 𝑁 Reactions at each supported
end
A C D B 𝑅 𝐴=𝑅 𝐵 =1500 𝑁 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡h𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

1m 1m
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐵 Bending moment at point C

𝑀=𝐹 . 𝐷
𝑀 =1500 𝑁 𝑥 1 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑀 =1500 𝑁 . 𝑚
 EQUIVALENT TORQUE

𝑇 𝑒𝑞 .=√ 𝑀 +𝑇 2 2

𝑇 𝑒𝑞= √ ( 1500 𝑁 .𝑚 ) + ( 3183.099 𝑁 .𝑚 )

2 2

𝑇 𝑒𝑞=3518.82 𝑁 . 𝑚
 SOLVING FOR THE DIAMETER OF THE SHAFT

• Strength criteria for shaft design

16 T eq
𝑆 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
𝜋 𝐷

16 ( 3518.82 𝑥 10 3 𝑁 .𝑚𝑚 )
60 𝑀𝑃𝑎= 3
𝜋(𝐷)

𝐷=66.85 𝑚𝑚
That’s all
1.The shaft of a vertical turbo-
generator set in a hydroelectric
power plant has an outside
diameter of 305 mm and inside
diameter of 254 mm. The shaft
transmits 5000 hp at 750 rpm. The
total weight of the shaft and the
turbine runner is 54 metric tons.
Determine the maximum normal
The axle of a heavy duty tractor transmits 120 kW at
600 rpm. It acts as a cantilever supporting a load of
280 N located 60 cm from the fixed end. The
allowable normal stress is 137 Mpa and the
allowable shear stress is 62 Mpa. If the axial load is
negligible, find the axle diameter.
1.A hydraulic turbine in a hydroelectric power
plant is rated at 12,000 hp. The vertical steel
shaft connecting the turbine and the
generator is 24 inches in diameter and
rotates at 60 rpm. What is the maximum
shearing stress?
1.Compute for the twisting moment in
in-lb developed when a shaft delivers
20 HP at 1200 rpm.
1.Compute the maximum unit shear
stress in a 3-in diameter steel shafting
that transmits 2400 in – lb torque at 89
rpm.
1.What is the limiting speed of a
63.42mm diameter shaft transmitting 75
kW, if the stress is not exceed 26 MPa?
1.A centrifugal pump is directly coupled to a
motor. The pump rating is 3600
litters/minute against a total head of 8
meters of water. Pump efficiency is 65% at
a shaft speed of 550 rpm. Determine the
motor shaft diameter if the induced torsional
stress is 10 MPa.