Week 2 Class 2

2/6/2023 Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 1

 Alphanumeric Codes

2/6/2023 Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 2

Why do we need alphanumeric codes?
Addresses 8 bit locations
000
001
010
011
100
101
110

Fig: RAM
Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE
2/6/2023
3
Why do we need alphanumeric codes?
Addresses 8 bit locations
000
001
010 0101 1001
89 Dec2Bin

011
100
101
110

Fig: RAM
Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE
2/6/2023
4
Why do we need alphanumeric codes?
Addresses 8 bit locations
000
001
010
89 BCD
011 1000 1001

100
101
110

Fig: RAM
Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE
2/6/2023
5
Why do we need alphanumeric codes?
Addresses 8 bit locations
000
001
010 0000 1000
89 BCD
011 0000 1001

100
101
110

Fig: RAM
Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE
2/6/2023
6
Why do we need alphanumeric codes?
Addresses 8 bit locations
000
001
010
Hi BCD
011
?
100
101
110

Fig: RAM
Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE
2/6/2023
7
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Introducing ASCII (American Standard Code for Information

Interchange)

• We have seen coding in last class (mapping binary number to

elements)
• The same principle will be applicable here

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 8

2/6/2023
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 9

2/6/2023
American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Printing characters (94):

26 uppercase letters
E.g. : A,C
26 lower case letters
E.g. : a,c
10 numbers
E.g. : 1,2
32 special characters
Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE
E.g. : @,$ 10
2/6/2023
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Addresses 8 bit locations
000
001
010 01001000
Hi BCD
011 0110 1001

100
101
110

Fig: RAM
Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE
2/6/2023
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 American Standard Code for Information Interchange

• What about the rest of the items in the table?

These are called control

characters

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 12

2/6/2023
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange

There are three kinds of control characters:

1.Format effectors
HT- If the computer finds this character in the memory (in binary form)
It will provide a horizontal tab. Addresses 8 bit locations
000
001
0100 1000(H)
H i 010
0000 1001(HT)
011
0110 1001(i)
100
101
110
Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE
2/6/2023 Fig: 2/6/2023
RAM 13
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange

There are three kinds of control characters:

2.Information effectors
FS – file separator. Helps in separating multiple files
1000 0100
0000 1100
1010 1101
FS (0001 1100)
1000 0100
0000 1100
1010 1101

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 14

2/6/2023
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange

There are three kinds of control characters:

3.Communication Control Characters
STX – Start of text Note: The corresponding binary
numbers are being sent
ETX – End of text Wants to say “Hi!”

STX

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 15

2/6/2023
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange

There are three kinds of control characters:

3.Communication Control Characters
STX – Start of text Note: The corresponding binary
numbers are being sent
ETX – End of text Wants to say “Hi!”

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 16

2/6/2023
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange

There are three kinds of control characters:

3.Communication Control Characters
STX – Start of text Note: The corresponding binary
numbers are being sent
ETX – End of text Wants to say “Hi!”

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 17

2/6/2023
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange

There are three kinds of control characters:

3.Communication Control Characters
STX – Start of text Note: The corresponding binary
numbers are being sent
ETX – End of text Wants to say “Hi!”

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 18

2/6/2023
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange

There are three kinds of control characters:

3.Communication Control Characters
STX – Start of text Note: The corresponding binary
numbers are being sent
ETX – End of text Wants to say “Hi!”

ETX

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 19

2/6/2023
 Unicode

Problem 1
• ASCII is well suited for English language
• It can represent a total of 256 characters
• But what about this case?

• There are about 50,00 Chinese characters

• An ordinary Chinese person knows about 8000

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 20

2/6/2023
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Problem 2
• You can develop your own coding scheme (mapping) for your own
language

BSCII (in your computer) ASCII

ক= 0100 0001 A= 0100 0001

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 21

2/6/2023
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange

You type an amazing poem in But your friend’s computer uses

Bangla . Your computer encodes it ASCII.
in the RAM using BSCII. He will get something gibberish.
For example ক will be
You send it to your friend misrepresented as A.

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 22

2/6/2023
 Unicode

We need a coding scheme that can cover all the language

characters.

Also emojis.

Solution? :
Unicode

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 23

2/6/2023
 Unicode

Grapheme
• A single unit of human writing system.
• “J” , “ক”, “ 大”
Codepoint
• Values assigned to the Graphemes (just like they did for ASCII)
“J” = 74 “ক”= 2453 “ 大” = 12233

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 24

2/6/2023
 Unicode

• So there are variable number of digits.

• We know that the computer stores data in compartments of 8 bits.
• How will it understand where it starts and where it ends?

• “J” = 74 (100 1010)

• “ক”= 2453 (1001 1001 1001)
• “ 大” = 12233 (101111 11001001)

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 25

2/6/2023
 Unicode

UTF – 8
“J” = 74 (100 1010)
“ক”= 2453 (1001 1001 1001)
“ 大” = 12233 (101111 11001001)

No. of bits Representation

7 0xxx xxxx (J=0100 1010)
11 110x xxxx 10xx xxxx (ক= ‘cant be rep’)
16 1110 xxxx 10xx xxxx 10xx xxxx ক= 1110 0000 10 100110 10
011001
21 11110xxx 10xx xxxx 10xx xxxx 10xx xxxx

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 26

2/6/2023
 Unicode

UTF 32
• “J” = 74 (100 1010)
• “ক”= 2453 (1001 1001 1001)
• “ 大” = 12233 (101111 11001001)
UTF 32 does not use variable number of bits.
Each character(grapheme) is converted into codepoints as usual (see
above)
Then 4 bytes are assigned for each character:
J= 00000000 00000000 00000000 01001010
Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 27
2/6/2023
 Unicode

• UTF 8 – 1 to 4 bytes (see the given table)

• UTF 32 – 4 bytes (see the example in previous slide)
• UTF 16 – 2 bytes or 4 bytes (similar to utf 8, but no 1 byte or 3 byte
representation)

Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 28

2/6/2023
 Thank You

2/6/2023 Lec Md Shadman Aadeeb, Dept. of CSE 29