UNIT - 1

ELECTROSTATICS
 ELECTROSTATI
CS

chapter -1
Electric Charges And Fields

chapter -2
Gauss’ Theorem

chapter -3
Electric Potential

chapter -4
Capacitors and Dielectrics
 Electric Charge

SI Unit of charge

CONTENTS Quantization of electric charge

Conservation of electric charge

Coulomb’s Law

Coulomb’s Law in vector form

Comparison with Newton’s law of gravitation

Superposition Principle
ELECTRIC
CHARGE AND Continuous charge distribution

ELECTRIC FIELD
 Electric Field

Electric Field Intensity

CONTENTS Electric Field Intensity due to a Point-charge

Electric Lines of Force

Electric Dipole: Electric Dipole Moment

Electric Field Due To An Electric Dipole

Torque On A Dipole In A Uniform Electric Field

Points to note
ELECTRIC
CHARGE AND Numerical Problems

ELECTRIC FIELD
 INTRODUCTION

Electrostatics is the branch of Physics which deals with electric charge at rest.

Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force
when placed in an electromagnetic field.

Electric charges are of two types-

1. Positive Charge
2. Negative Charge

The static charges follow three laws:-

1. Opposite charges attract each other.
2. Like charges repel each other.
3. Charged objects attract neutral objects.
 S.I. UNIT OF ELECTRIC CHARGE:
COULOMB
As we know that, the rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor is called electric current.

Electric Charge
Electric Current =
time

coulomb
ampere =
second

coulomb = ampere x second

If a conductor carries a current of 1 ampere for 1 second, then the charge that flows through a
conductor will be 1 coulomb.

1 C =1 A . s
 QUANTIZATION OF ELECTRIC
CHARGE
The total amount of charge in a body is the product of number of electrons and the charge
of each electron.

Q =± ne
where ,
Q =Total amount of charge ∈ a body
n =no . of electrons
− 19
e = charge of an electron=1.6 x 10 C

Try this then,

Find the number of electrons in 1C charge.

 CONSERVATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGE

Charge is neither created nor destroyed, it can only be transferred

from one system to another.

Charge conservation means that in reactions that

create charged particles, equal numbers of positive and negative
particles are always created, keeping the net amount
of charge unchanged. Similarly, when particles are destroyed,
equal numbers of positive and negative charges are destroyed.
 COULOMB’S LAW
The force of attraction or repulsion between two stationary point charges is
directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them.

𝐹 ∝ 𝑞1 𝑞 2 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑟
1
𝐹 ∝ 2
𝑟 𝑞1 𝑞2 1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑞1 𝑞2 𝐹 =𝑘 𝐹=
𝐹 ∝ 2
𝑟
2
4 𝜋 𝛆0 𝑟 2
𝑟
1
=k = proportionality constant
4 𝜋 𝛆0 https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/coulombs-law/l
atest/coulombs-law_en.html
 1
=k= proportionality constant The value of this proportionality constant
4 π ε0 depends on the units used for charges,
distance and force.
1 9 𝟐 −𝟐
for vacuumis 9.0 x 10 𝐍 𝐦 𝐂
4 π ε0
Taking,
1 q 1 q2 r = 1m
F=
4 π ε0 r 2 Then, value of F = N
Hence ,

1 coulomb is that charge which when placed at a distance of 1 metre from an equal
and similar charge (in vacuum or air) will repel it with a force of 9.0 x N
 value and unit of

1 𝟐
=9.0 x 10 𝐍 𝐦 𝐂
9 −𝟐
4 π ε0
1 2 −1 −2
ε 0= 9
C N m
4 π x 9.0 x 10
ε 0= permittivity of free space
−12 2 −1 −2
ε 0= 8.85 x 10 C N m
2 2
[A T ]
dimensions of ε 0 =
[ MLT − 2 ] [ L2 ]
−1 −3 4 2
dimensions of ε 0 =[ M L T A ]
−1 −3 4 2
unit of ε 0= kg m s A ¿
 when the surrounding medium is not
vacuum F = 1 q 1 q 2
2
4 πε r
where, is called the ‘absolute permittivity’ of the material medium.

=K
where, is a dimensionless constant called ‘dielectric
constant’ or relative permittivity or specific inductive
capacity of the material and the material is called
‘dielectric’.
for all dielectrics, the value of K is greater than
1.
 COULOMB’S LAW IN VECTOR
FORM
Considering two like charges and are placed at points A and B with position
vectors and

⃗ 𝐴 𝐵 ⃗
𝐹
= - = 𝐹 12 r 21
𝑞1 𝑞2
= - =
⃗
𝑟 12 ⃗
𝑟 21
the distance between the charges
⃗
𝑟1 ⃗
𝑟2
AB = = = r

Coulomb’s force acting on charge due to charge 𝑂

1 q1q2 ^ ⃗ 1 q1q2 ⃗ ^
⃗
𝑟 12 ⃗
𝑟 12
⃗
F 12= 𝑟 12 F 12= 3
𝑟 12 𝑟 12 =
|⃗
𝑟 12|
=
𝑟
4 π ε0 r 2
4 π ε0 r
Coulomb’s force acting on charge due to charge

1 q1q2 ^ ⃗ 1 q1q2 ⃗ ^
⃗
𝑟 21 ⃗
𝑟21
⃗
F 21= 𝑟 21 F 21= 3
𝑟 21 𝑟 21 =
|𝑟 21|
⃗
=
𝑟
4 π ε0 r 2
4 π ε0 r
 IMPORTANCE OF COULOMB’S
LAW IN VECTOR FORM
1. As and are unit vectors in opposite directions, so
=- using in equations,
1 q1q2 ^ 1 q1q2
⃗
F 12= 𝑟 ⃗
F 21= 𝑟^21
4 π ε 0 r 2 12 4 π ε0 r 2

⃗
𝐅 =− ⃗
𝐅
𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝟏
it obeys Newton’s third law

2. As both the forces are acting along the line joining the two charges, Hence, they show
that electrostatic force is a central force.

⃗ ⃗
𝐹 21
𝐹 12
𝑞1 𝑞2
 COMPARISON OF COULOMB’S LAW OF ELECTROSTATICS WITH
NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION

Coulomb’s law Newton’s law

1 q 1 q2 m1 m 2
F= F =G
4 π ε0 r 2 r
2

The force may be attractive or repulsive in The force is only attractive in nature.
nature.
as, the charges can be positive or negative as, mass cannot be negative

The force depends upon the medium The force does not depends upon the medium.
As, value of permittivity is depended upon As, G is universal constant.
medium.

Electrical forces are much stronger than gravitational force.

 SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
When a number of charges are interacting, the total force on a given charge is the
vector sum of the individual forces exerted on given charge by all the charges.
Considering
A point charge at a distance from a 𝑞3
position O 𝑞4
^
𝑟 ^
𝑟 31
41
Another point charge at a distance from O
𝑞1
Similarly charges and at a distance and from ⃗
𝑟3
O respectively. ⃗
𝑟4
⃗
𝑟1 ^
𝑟 21
The distance of charge from , and are given
as-
𝑞2
⃗
𝑟2
O
 According to principle of superposition
⃗
𝐹 1=⃗
𝐹 12 + ⃗
𝐹 13 +⃗
𝐹 14

𝑞3
𝑞4
^
𝑟 ^
𝑟 31
41
As we know that 𝑞1
⃗
𝑟3
⃗
𝑟4
⃗
𝑟1 ^
𝑟
1 q1q2 21
⃗
F 12 = 2
𝑟^
12
4 π ε 0 𝑟 21
𝑞2
⃗
𝑟2
O

+ +
 CONTINUOUS CHARGE
DISTRIBUTION

LINEAR SURFACE VOLUME

CHARGE CHARGE CHARGE
DISTRIBUTIO DISTRIBUTIO DISTRIBUTIO
N N N
 LINEAR CHARGE
DISTRIBUTION
The charge present per unit length of conductor is
called linear charge density.

It is denoted by

dq
λ =
dl

It’s S.I. unit is C/m (coulomb per metre)

 SURFACE CHARGE
DISTRIBUTION
The charge present per unit area of conductor is
called surface charge density.

It is denoted by

dq
σ =
dS

It’s S.I. unit is C/ (coulomb per square metre)

 VOLUME CHARGE
DISTRIBUTION
The charge present per unit volume of conductor is
called volume charge density.

It is denoted by

dq
ρ =
dV

It’s S.I. unit is C/ (coulomb per cubic metre)

 USING CONTINUOUS CHARGE
DISTRIBUTION
dq dq dq
λ= σ= ρ=
dl dS dV

1 q0 dq
dF = 2
r^
4 π ε0 r
q0 ρ 𝑑𝑉 ^
q0 𝜆 𝑑𝑙 ^ F= ∫ 𝑟
F=
4 π ε0
∫ 𝑟
2
𝑟 4 π ε 0 𝑟
2

q0 σ 𝑑𝑆 ^
F=
4 π ε0
∫ 𝑟
2
𝑟
 ELECTRIC FIELD
The space surrounding an electric charge q in which another charge
experiences a force of attraction or repulsion is called electric field of
charge q.

The charge q is called the ‘source charge’

The charge is called the ‘test charge’

the ‘test charge’ must be vanishingly small so that it does not

modifies the electric field of the source charge, whereas it cannot
be less than 1.6 x C
 ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY
The force experienced by a unit positive point charge supposed to be
placed at that point, is called its electric field intensity.

⃗
𝐄= 𝐅
⃗
𝐪𝐨
We assume that the test charge is so small that on placing it in the
electric field, at the given point there is no change in the electric
field.
is a vector quantity and its direction will be the same as the direction
of the force that is the direction in which the positive charge is
placed.
 INTENSITY DUE TO A POINT
CHARGE
Considering a point charge +q placed at O
Test charge is placed at point P at a distance r from O.
The electric force acting on is F +q + qo
1 q q0
F=
4 π ε0 r 2 O P ⃗
F
The electric field intensity r
F 1 q q0
E= =
qo 4 π ε0 r2 q 0
1 q it follows principle of superposition
E=
4 π ε0 r2 ⃗
E 1= ⃗
E12 + ⃗
E 13 + ⃗
E14
in vector form
⃗ 1 q
E= ^
r
4 π ε0 r 2

unit = N/C
 ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE
The path of a free positive charge in an electric field is called ‘electric line of force’.

An electric line of force is that imaginary smooth curve drawn in an electric field along
which a free, isolated positive charge moves.

The tangent drawn at any point on the electric line of force gives the direction of the
force acting on a positive charge placed at that point.

Observations of electric lines of forces.

Properties of electric lines of forces.

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/charges-and-fi
elds/latest/charges-and-fields_en.html
The lines of force of a positive point charge are
straight, directed radially outwards. Conversely, in
the electric field of an isolated negative point
charge, the positive test charge would move
radially inwards.
The lines originate on the
positive charge and terminate
on the negative charge. The
concentration of lines is
greatest in the region
between the charges, where
the electric field is strongest.
At the midpoint, the field produced by one charge
is equal and opposite to the field produced by
other charge, at this point the resultant field is
zero and it is called Neutral Point.
If the collection of two charges be
extended to a long line of closely
spaced positive charges, then in
the region close to the middle of
the line, the resulting line of force
would be parallel.
The field lines are
parallel in the central
region between the
plates, showing that the
electric field is uniform
there. The field lines
‘fringe’ at the edge of
the plates, showing that
the field is not uniform
there.
 PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC LINES OF
FORCE
1. The electric lines of force originate on positive charges and terminate on negative
charges.

2. The tangent drawn at any point on a line of force gives the direction of the
electric field at that point. In a uniform electric field, the lines of force are parallel
straight lines, giving the direction of the field at any point.

3. Two lines of force cannot intersect at a common point. For, if they did, it would
mean two different directions of the electric field at the point of intersection, which is
impossible.

4. The electric lines of force do not pass through a conductor. This indicates that the
electric field inside a conductor is always zero.
5. The relative closeness of the electric lines of force in different regions of space
indicates the relative strength of the electric field in different regions.

6. The lines of force have a tendency to contract in length like a stretched elastic
string. This explains attraction between opposite charges

7. The lines of force have a tendency to separate from each other in the direction
perpendicular to their lengths. This explains repulsion between like charges

8. The lines of force are continuous, having no breaks in between. They are
imaginary but the electric field they represent is real.
 ELECTRIC DIPOLE
An electric dipole is a pair of equal and opposite point charges placed
at a short distance apart.

Electric dipole moment is the product 𝐩

⃗
-q +q
of charge and the distance between
2l
the charges in an electric dipole.

Electric dipole moment is denoted by p.

Electric dipole is a vector quantity.

⃗ ⃗
p =q x 2 l
 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO AN ELECTRIC
DIPOLE

Intensity of the electric field at Intensity of the electric field at

a point on the axis of a dipole a point on the equatorial line
of a dipole
 INTENSITY OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD AT
A POINT ON THE AXIS OF A DIPOLE
𝐀 𝐁 ⃗
⃗
E 1=
1 q 𝐎 𝑬𝟐 𝐏⃗
𝑬𝟏
4 π ε 0 (r − l)2 -q +q

along the dipole axis 𝒍 𝒍

⃗
E 2=
1 q 𝒓
4 π ε 0 ( r +l )2
opposite to the dipole axis

resultant intensity,

-
 -

⃗ q 4 rl
E=
4 π ε 0 ( r 2 − l 2)2
𝐀 𝐁 ⃗ ⃗ 2r 2 ql
-q
𝐎 𝑬𝟐 𝐏⃗
𝑬𝟏 E=
4 π ε 0 ( r 2 − l 2)2
+q
⃗ 1 2 pr
𝒍 𝒍 E=
4 π ε 0 ( r 2 − l 2)2
𝒓
𝑟 ≫𝑙
⃗ 1 2⃗ p
E=
4 π ε 0 ( r )3
N /C

𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
 INTENSITY OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD AT A POINT
ON THE EQUATORIAL LINE OF A DIPOLE
⃗
E 1 sin θ ⃗
⃗
E1 𝑬𝟏
⃗
E 1=
1 q
⃗
𝐏
4 π ε 0 (r 2 +l ¿ ¿ 2) ¿ ⃗ 𝐄
E cos θ
1 𝜃
along
⃗ ⃗
𝑬𝟐
1 q E 2 cos θ 𝜃
⃗
E 2=
4 π ε 0 ( r 2 +l ¿ ¿ 2) ¿ 𝒓
along ⃗
𝑬𝟐 ⃗
E 2 sin θ
E 1 sin θ=− E2 sin θ
equal and opposite
𝐀 𝜃 𝐁
-q +q
resultant electric field 𝐎
E=E 1 cos θ+ E 2 cos θ 𝒍 𝒍
 E=E 1 cos θ+ E 2 cos θ
E 1 cos θ= E2 cos θ
⃗
𝑬𝟏
E =2 E 1 cos θ
⃗
𝐏
1 q 𝐄
E=
4 π ε 0 ( r 2 + l ¿ ¿ 2 ) cos θ ¿ ⃗ 𝑬𝟐
BO √ 𝑟 2
+𝑙 2

cos θ= 𝒓
BP 𝒍
cos θ=
√ 𝑟 2+ 𝑙2 √ 𝑟 2
+𝑙 2

𝐀 𝜃 𝐁
1 2ql -q +q
E=
4 π ε0 ¿ ¿ ¿ 𝐎
𝒍 𝒍
 1 2ql
E=
4 π ε0 ¿ ¿ ¿
⃗
𝑬𝟏
1 p
E=
4 π ε0 ¿ ¿ ¿ ⃗
𝐏
𝐄
𝑟 ≫𝑙 ⃗
𝑬𝟐
1 p √ 𝑟 2
+𝑙 2

E= 𝒓
4 π ε0 ¿ ¿
√ 𝑟 2 +𝑙 2
1 p
E=
4 π ε0 ¿ ¿ 𝐀 𝜃 𝐁
⃗ 1 ⃗
p -q +q
E=
4 π ε 0 ¿ ¿ 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 𝐎
𝒍 𝒍
 TORQUE ON A DIPOLE IN A
UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD
Torque = Force x Perpendicular
Displacement + q⃗
E
𝜏 = 𝑞𝐸 (2 𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) q

2l
𝜏 = 2 𝑞𝑙𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 2lsin
⃗
E
𝜏=𝑝𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 newton metre -q 𝜃
q⃗
E
𝑖 𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑝 𝑥⃗
⃗=⃗
𝜏 𝐸 𝑁𝑚
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
UNSOLVED QUESTIONS – NOOTAN ISC PHYSICS
 1. What is the force between two small charged
spheres carrying charges of 2 x 10-7 C and 3 x 10-7 C
placed 30 cm apart in air?
1 𝟐
=9.0 x 10 𝐍 𝐦 𝐂
9 −𝟐
q 1 q2
4 𝜋 𝛆0 F=k 2
r
 2. Calculate the Coulombian force between a
proton and an electron separated by 0.8 x 10-15
− 19 m.
𝑞=1.6 𝑥 10 𝐶
1 𝟐
=9.0 x 10 𝐍 𝐦 𝐂
9 −𝟐
q 1 q2
4 𝜋 𝛆0 F=k 2
r
 3. Calculate the electrostatic force between two -
particles separated by 3.2 x 10-15 m.
−19
𝑞=3.2 𝑥 10 𝐶
1 𝟐
=9.0 x 10 𝐍 𝐦 𝐂
9 −𝟐
q 1 q2
4 𝜋 𝛆0 F=k 2
r
 4. The mutual electrostatic force of attraction
between two small spheres carrying charges +0.4 C and -
0.8 C in air is 0.2 N. What is the separation between the
two spheres?
1 𝟐
=9.0 x 10 𝐍 𝐦 𝐂
9 −𝟐
q 1 q2
4 𝜋 𝛆0 F=k 2
r
 5. How far apart the two electrons be, if the force
between them equals the weight of an electron? What
in case of protons?

− 19
𝑞=1.6 𝑥 10 𝐶
1 𝟐
=9.0 x 10 𝐍 𝐦 𝐂
9 −𝟐
4 𝜋 𝛆0

= =

q 1 q2
q 1 q2 F=k
F=k 2 r
2
r
6. Two positive charges distant 0.1 m apart, repel each other with a
force of 18 N. If the sum of the charges be 9 micro-coulomb , then
calculate their separate values.

−6
q 1 +q 2=9 x 10 C q 1 q2
F=k 2
r
1 𝟐
=9.0 x 10 𝐍 𝐦 𝐂
9 −𝟐
4 𝜋 𝛆0
7. The distance between two negatively-charged dust particles is 1
mm and they repel each other with a force of 4.0 x 10-5 N. If the charge on
one particle is 4 times that of the other, then find out the number of
electrons charging them separately. The charge on electron is (5/3) x 10 -
19
C.
q 1 q2
F=k 2
r

Q =ne
8. point-charges of +2 C and +6 C repel each other with a force
of 12 N. If each is given an additional charge of -4 C, then what
will be the new force?
q 1 q2
F=k 2
r
9. Two identical metallic balls A and B have charges +40 and —10C
respectively. The distance between them is 2.0 m. What is the magnitude
and type of force acting between them? They are touched to each other
and again separated by a distance of 2.0 m from each other. Calculate the
new force between them. What will be the force if one ball is connected to
earth?
q 1 q2
F=k 2
r
10. Two similarly and equally charged identical metal spheres A and B
repel each other with a force of 2.0 x 10-5 N. A third identical, uncharged
sphere C is touched with A and then placed at the mid-point between A
and B. What is net electric force on C?

q 1=q 2
q 1 q2
F=k 2
r

+
11. Two conducting spheres A and B of the same size are situated at some distance
apart. Each has a charge of +q coulomb and they repel each other with a force of 10 -5 N.
A third conducting uncharged sphere C of same size is first touched with A and then
with B and then placed exactly between A and B. Calculate the resultant force on C.

q 1 q2
F=k 2
r

+
12. In the adjoining figures are shown three particles A, B and C which
are equally charged. The force acting on B due to A is 2.0 x 10 -6 N. Find
out in each figure (i) force exerted on B by C, (ii) net force on B.

B
A C
0.015 0.010
m m
q 1 q2 A B
F=k 2 0.015
r m
0.010
m

+
C
13. Two point-charges of 1.0 C and -0.25 C are placed in air at a
distance of 0.40 m from each other. Find out at which point on
the line joining the two charges should a third charge be placed
so that no force acts upon it?
q 1 q2
F=k
r2
14. Two point-charges +9e and +e are placed at a distance of 16
cm from each other. At what point between these charges should a
third charge q be placed so that it remains in equilibrium?

q 1 q2
F=k
r2
15. Three point-charges q1, q2, q3 are in line at equal
distances. q2 and q3 are opposite in sign. Find the magnitude
and sign of q1, if the net force on q3 is zero
F 31 = F 32
𝑞2 𝑞3
𝑞1
𝑟 𝑟
16. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 10 m and D is the mid-
point of BC. Charges of + 100, -100 and +75 C are placed at B, C and D
respectively. Find the force on a +1 C charge placed at A.
+1 A

+ 100 -100
B C
D
+75
17. At each of the four corners of a square of side a, a charge +q is
placed freely. What charge should be placed at the centre of the square so
that the whole system be in equilibrium?

A a D
+q +q

a a

+q +q
B C
a
18. An alpha particle is placed in an electric field of 15 x 10 4 NC-1.
Calculate the force on the particle.
⃗
𝐄= 𝐅
⃗
𝐪𝐨
19. A body having an excess of 106 electrons is placed in an electric
field of 1000N/C towards East. Find out the magnitude and direction of the
force acting on the body.
⃗
𝐄= 𝐅
⃗
𝐪𝐨
20. What will be the intensity of an electric field in which an
electron experiences an electric force equal to its weight? What in case of
proton?

⃗
𝐄= 𝐅
⃗
𝐪𝐨
21.Calculate the intensity of the electric field due to a helium nucleus at a
distance of 1 Å from the nucleus.
Hint : The helium nucleus has a positive charge equal to that on an
particle
1 q
E=
4 π ε0 r2
22. Two point charges q1 = 400C and q2 = 100 C are kept fixed, 60 cm
apart in vacuum. Find intensity of the electric field at mid-point of the line
joining q1 and q2.

𝑞1 𝑞0 𝑞2

60𝑐𝑚
1 q
E=
4 π ε0 r2
23. Two point-charges q1 = + 0.2 C and q2 = + 0.4 C are 0.1 m
apart. Find the electric field at (i) mid-point between the charges, (ii) a
point on the line joining q1 and q2 such that it is 0.05m away from q2 and
0.15 m away from q1.
1 q
E=
4 π ε0 r2
24. Electric charges ± 1000 C are placed at points A and B, respectively
at a distance of 2 m from each other. Calculate the electric fields at (i)
mid-point of the line AB and (ii) at a point at equal distances of 4 m from
each charge. 1 q
E=
4 π ε0 r2
25. A stationary oil drop between two parallel plates has a
charge of 3.2 x 10-19 C and a weight of 1.6 x10-14 N. Find the electric field
acting on the drop.

⃗
𝐄= 𝐅
⃗
𝐪𝐨
26. Two charges, one +5 C and other —5 C are placed 1 mm
apart. Calculate the dipole moment.

p =q x 2 ⃗
⃗ 𝑙
27. A system has two charges qA = +0.25 C and qB = —0.25 C at points
A (0, 0, —15 cm) and B (O, O, +15 cm) respectively. Find the total charge
and electric dipole moment of the system.
Y

Z
28. Two charges of +2.4 C and —2.4 C are at a distance 2.5 x 10 -3 m
apart from each other. Determine the magnitude of the electric field in
the broad-side-on position at a distance of 0.30 m from this dipole. If the
dipole be rotated through 90⁰, then what will be the intensity of the field?

1 2ql
E=
4 π ε0 ¿ ¿ ¿
29. Two point-charges of + 1 C and – 1 C are kept at a distance of 2 cm.
They form an electric dipole. This it situated in a uniform electric field of
1 x 105 N/C , with dipole moment vector p making an angle of 30⁰ with
the field. Calculate (i) the magnitude of electric dipole moment and (ii) the
torque acting on the dipole. (iii) When would be the torque maximum? How
much? 1 2ql
E=
4 π ε0 ¿ ¿ ¿

𝜏=𝑝𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
30. An electric dipole, when held at 30⁰ with respect to a uniform
electric field of 104 N/C, experiences a torque of 9 x 10-26 N-m. Calculate
the moment of the dipole.

𝜏=𝑝𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃