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ICT Unit 6

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Yasir Ali
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11 views

ICT Unit 6

Uploaded by

Yasir Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Information and

Communication
Technology (ICT)
Unit 6: Data Communication and Networking

Instructor
Mr. Yasir Ali
Data Communication

• Data communication is the flow of electronic data among two


nodes (computer or other devices)

• Three principles of data communication


Delivery
• system must carry data to correct destination and received by recipient
Accuracy
• System must deliver accurate data as per sending format
Timeliness
• System must deliver data in time
• Late data may not effective
Basic Elements of Data Communication

• Five basic element of communication are


Message in text, audio, video and images that are communicated.
Sender used for transferring message
Medium is pathway through message is sent from one point to other
wire, telephone line, fiber optic or microwaves are medium
Receiver is node that receive message sent by sender
Protocols are set of rules which govern the data transmission
between sender and receiver

• Without protocol the information is useless for the receiver as a


person understanding URDU cannot understand English message
• Messages send over communication protocol can only be
understand by receiver
Data Representations Form

Different kind of information can be sent over communication channel


• Text and Number
Text and numbers are sequence of bits (0 or 1)
They are represented by sets of bits patterns type using keyboard
• Images
Images are special bit patrons
Comprise matrix of pixels
Size of image is larger then text and number
• Audio and Video
Audio and video refers to recording or broadcasting of music, sound
or video
Both are sent over the communication system
Types of Network
Three types
• 1. Local Area Network (LAN)
• Connection of system in limited area
• Each system has its own CPU and storage
• Each node access resource of other nodes available in LAN
• They transfer data with high speed
• Exist in small geographical areas
• 2. Metropolitan area network (MAN)
• Larger network then LAN
• Comprise in large cities
• Connect several LANs and individual system at high speed

• 3. Wide area network (WAN)


• Interconnect LAN, MAN and individual systems located in country or whole
world
• MAN can span in an unrestricted area
• More complicated and complex then LAN and MAN
• Expensive technology
Topologies (Star Topology)

• Topologies are arrangement of


nodes in computer network

• Types of topologies are


• 1. Star Topology
• Most general types of arrangement
• Use in offices and homes
• All computer are connected to
central hub are switch
Data Communication (Ring Topology)

• Ring Topology
• Computer attach with
each other in a close
cable
• Each node has exactly
two neighbor
• Data pass through all
nodes until it reach to
destination
• Any break in connection
entire network fails
Data Communication (Bus Topology)

• Bus Topology
• One of the most simple network topology
• All nodes are connected into a single cable
• The cable is backbone of network
• Every node send and receive data through this bus
Data Communication (Mesh Topology)

• Mesh Topology
• In network each node is
interconnected with each
other
• Provides one to one
connection among all
computers
• Arrangements is very
expensive as dedicated
connection are required
between every node
Modes of Transmission

Three data transmission modes


• Simplex Mode
• Data flows only in one direction from source to destination
• In television and radio transmission messages transmitted from radio/ tv station to
sets
• Half-duplex
• Data flows in both direction but one at a same time
• Message can be transmitting at one time not to receive
• Walkie-talkie is example, where user sends his message with announcement
• Over to complete his talk and other to talk
• Full-duplex
• Data flows in both direction at the same time
• Each node can transmit and receive the data simultaneously
• Telephone is example, allow user to hear and talk at same time.
Types of Transmission Media

Two types of transmission media


• Guided Media
• Guided media is based on cabling mechanism that direct
signal along a path
• Data signal are dependents upon physical characteristics
of medium, is called bound media
Types of Transmission Media

• Unguided Media
• Does not use any physical path between two devices
• Carries electromagnetic waves without using physical medium
• Signal broadcast through air and carry on the receiving end
• Types are microwave and satellite communication
Computer Network

• Network connects two or more nodes together to share


data, information and resources
• Multiple networks are connected together to form a grand
network
• Besides the cable, there are many processes that execute
behind the source
• Smooth routing is governed by some standards and
specifications
• These standards specification define set of rules for data
communication and networks
• Protocol describes the rules and regulations for data
transfer between nodes over a network

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