Presentation

Modeling and
Simulation
By Ms. Armeeza
Today’s Goal
 What is a system?
 Introduction to Modeling and Simulation
 History of Simulation
 Advantages and Disadvantages
What is a System?
The term system is derive from the Greek word systema, which means
an organized relationship among functioning units or
components.
System exists because it is designed to achieve one or more objectives
We come into daily contact with the transportation system, the
telephone system, the accounting system, the production system, and
for two decades the computer system
 There are more than a hundred definitions of the word system, but
most seem to have a common thread that suggests that a system is
an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked
together according to a plan to achieve a specific objective.
What is a System? (Count.)
Components of a System:
 Entity: An object of interest in the system, e.g. different software
 Attribute: A property of an entity, e.g. version of the software
 Activity: Collection of operations that transform the state of an
entity, e.g. Executing the software
 Event: Change in the system state, e.g., shutting down the computer
 State Variables: Define the state of the system, e.g., computer is in
sleep mode
What is Modelling?
 Modelling is the process of representing a model which includes its
construction and working. This model is similar to a real
system, which helps the analyst predict the effect of changes to the
system. In other words, modelling is creating a model which
represents a system including their properties. It is an act of building
a model.
Types of Models:
1. Physical Model:
A physical model is a tangible representation of an object or system,
often scaled up or down, to study its structure, design, or behavior
(e.g., a model airplane or a building prototype).
2. Mathematic Model:
A mathematical model uses equations, variables, and algorithms to
represent and analyze the behavior of a system or process, allowing
predictions and simulations (e.g., population growth modeled using
exponential equations).
What is Simulation?
 Simulation of a system is the operation of a model in terms of time or
space, which helps analyze the performance of an existing or a
proposed system. In other words, simulation is the process of using
a model to study the performance of a system. It is an act of
using a model for simulation.
 Why Simulation? It may be too difficult, or expensive to observe a
real, operational system. Using simulation, the operation of the model
can be studied, and, from this, properties concerning the behavior of
the actual system can be inferred
 Uses of simulation:
 Analyze systems before they are built
 Reduce number of design mistakes
 Optimize design
 Analyze operational systems
 Create virtual environments for training, entertainment
Example Scenario:
 Suppose an organization wants to analyze its network performance to understand how it
behaves under different conditions. For instance:
 Scenario: The organization’s network consists of multiple servers, routers, and clients
that share large files over the network. They want to determine how increased client
numbers or higher data loads will affect network performance.
 Modeling:
 Network Model Creation: A model of the network is created, representing
components like routers, switches, servers, and clients.
 Parameter Identification: Factors such as bandwidth, packet size, data rates, and
latency are included in the model.
 Traffic Patterns: Various traffic loads, like video streaming or file downloads, are
modeled.
 Simulation:
 Using simulation software, the organization runs tests to evaluate packet loss, delay,
and server load under different scenarios.
 Results:
 The simulation reveals how much traffic the network can handle, identifies
bottlenecks, and suggests ways to improve, such as increasing bandwidth or adding
servers.
History of Simulation:
The historical perspective of simulation is as enumerated in a
chronological order.
 1940 − A method named ‘Monte Carlo’ was developed by
researchers (John von Neumann, Stanislaw Ulan, Edward Teller,
Herman Kahn) and physicists working on a Manhattan project to
study neutron scattering.
 1960 − The first special-purpose simulation languages were
developed, such as SIMSCRIPT by Harry Markowitz at the RAND
Corporation.
 1970 − During this period, research was initiated on mathematical
foundations of simulation.
 1980 − During this period, PC-based simulation software, graphical
user interfaces and object-oriented programming were developed.
 1990 − During this period, web-based simulation, fancy animated
graphics, simulation-based optimization, Markov-chain Monte Carlo
methods were developed.
Modelling and Simulation -
Advantages
Easy to understand − Allows to understand how the system really
operates without working on real-time systems.
 Easy to test − Allows to make changes into the system and their effect
on the output without working on real-time systems.
 Easy to upgrade − Allows to determine the system requirements by
applying different configurations.
 Easy to identifying constraints − Allows to perform bottleneck
analysis that causes delay in the work process, information, etc.
 Easy to diagnose problems − Certain systems are so complex that it
is not easy to understand their interaction at a time. However, Modelling
& Simulation allows to understand all the interactions and analyze their
effect. Additionally, new policies, operations, and procedures can be
explored without affecting the real system.
Modelling and Simulation -
Disadvantages
 Designing a model is an art which requires domain knowledge,
training and experience.
 Operations are performed on the system using random number,
hence difficult to predict the result.
 Simulation requires manpower and it is a time-consuming process.
 Simulation results are difficult to translate. It requires experts to
understand.
 Simulation process is expensive
Applications Areas of Modelling and
Simulation
 Modelling & Simulation can be applied to the following areas −
Military applications, training & support, designing semiconductors,
telecommunications, civil engineering designs & presentations, and
E-business models.
 Additionally, it is used to study the internal structure of a complex
system such as the biological system. It is used while optimizing the
system design such as routing algorithm, assembly line, etc. It is used
to test new designs and policies. It is used to verify analytic solutions.
CHUTTI
AND THAT
IS
FAREWELL
TO

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