10. Valvular Heart Disease

Definition:
 Heart valve
disease occur
when your
heart valve do
not work as
they should.
How does heart valve work?
The heart valves make
sure that blood always in a
forward direction and there
is no backward direction.
 Heart Valves
 Aortic valve
 Mitral valve
 Pulmonary valve
 Tricuspid valve
TYPES OF VALVE DISEASE
 STENOSIS.
 REGURGITATION.
 STENOSIS:
Failure of the valve to open
completely ,therefore preventing forward flow is
called STENOSIS.
 REGURGITATION:
Failure of the valve to close completely thereby
allowing reversed flow is called
REGURGITATION.
Types of VALVULAR HEART DISEASES
 Mitral Stenosis  Tricuspid

 Mitral Regugitation
Regugitation  Pulmonary
 Aortic Stenosis Stenosis

 Aortic  Pulmonary
Regugitation Regugitation
 Tricuspid
Stenosis
What is mitral valve?
The mitral valve is also known as the
bicuspid valve.
 In normal cardiac physiology, the
mitral valve opens during left

ventricular diastole, to allow blood to
flow from the left atrium to the left
ventricle.
Mitral valve stenosis
 Abnormal narrowing of mitral valve
is known as mitral valve stenosis.
 The normal thickness of mitral leaflet
is 2–4 mm. Usually, thickness of

mitral leaflets increases at the
margins in MS and extend toward
body and whole leaflet is thickened
in severe cases. THE ABNORMAL
THICKENING of valve restrict the wall
from its normal thus less amount of
Etiology
 Chronic rheumatic heart
disease(rheumatic fever)
 Mitral annulus Calcification
 Congenital abnormalities
 Calcium buildup
 Tumors
 Blood clots(Thrombosis)
Pathophysiology
 In rheumatic heart disease(is a
complication of rheumatic fever), an
autoimmune attack on the mitral
valve produces thickening of the
valve leaflets. The mitral valve is
often described as having a "fish-
mouth" appearance. ... Both most
likely contribute to the progressive
nature of mitral stenosis.
Risk Factors
STRONG medications
 Streptococcal  SLE
infection  Amyloidosis
 Female gender  Bronchial
WEAK carcinoid
 Ergot syndrome
medications
 Serotogenic
Signs and symptoms of mitral stenosis
include
 Heart failure symptoms, such as

dyspnea on exertion,orthopnea
and paroxysmal nocturnal
dyspnea (PND)
 Palpitations.
 Chest pain.
 Hemoptysis.
 Thromboembolism in later
stages when the left atrial

volume is increased (i.e.,
dilation).
Mitral Valve Regurgitation
 Mitral valve regurgitation is leakage
of blood backward through the mitral
valve each time the left ventricle
contracts. A leaking mitral valve
allows blood to flow in two directions
during the contraction.
Pathology of mitral regurgitation
 Regurgitation of blood from left

ventricle to the atrium occurs
through out systole. During diastole,
regrtitant blood flows back across
the mitral valve. Left ventricular
volume is greatly increased, being
the sum of cardiac out put plus the
regurgitant flow; the left ventricle is
thus dilated and hypertrophied.
 The left atrium, which accepts both
the pulmonary venous return and
regurgitation flow is also dilated in
chronic cases. Left atrial pressure
and pulmonary venous pressure are
increased. In chronic cases, there is
plmonary fibrosis pulmonary arterial
hypertension and right ventricular
hypertrophy followed by failure.
Acute mitral valve regurgitation
produces pulmonary edema and
Causes
• Mitral valve regurgitation may
develop suddenly as a result of
infective endocarditis (an infection
of the valve) or because of injury
to the valve or its supporting
structures.
• The valve or its supporting
structures can be damaged by…
 Heart attack
 Coronary artery disease
• Weakness in the tissues of these
structures (myxomatous
degeneration).
Risk Factors
 Endocarditis, an infection in your
heart chambers and valves
 Rheumatic fever, an inflammatory
condition that can happen because

of strep throat
 A previous heart attack
Symptoms
• Fatigue or feeling very tired
• Shortness of breath
• Heart palpitations, or the sense of
feeling your own heartbeat
• Cough (can be a dry cough or a
cough with blood)
• Swelling in your feet and ankles
• Chest pain
• Fainting
• Anxiety

10. Valvular Heart Disease

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Definition:

 Mitral Stenosis  Tricuspid

 Aortic Stenosis Stenosis

mitral valve opens during left

is 2–4 mm. Usually, thickness of

 Heart failure symptoms, such as

stages when the left atrial

 Regurgitation of blood from left

condition that can happen because

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