1st theory biology

Introduction to
general biology
1st theory lecture

Dentistry 2024
Introduction
Biology:
Is the science of life.
• Its name is derived from the Greek words "bios" (life)

and "logos" (study).
• Biologists study the structure, function, growth, origin,

evolution and distribution of living organisms.
• Medical biology:
a field of biology that has
practical applications in medicine, health
care and laboratory diagnostics.,
Important definitions
• Biochemistry: Study of the material substances
that make up living things.
• Botany: Study of plants, including agriculture,

food production & medicines.
• Cellular biology: Study of the basic cellular

units (basic building block of all life), the cell of living
things.
• Ecology: Study of how organisms interact with

their environment.
Important defention
Evolutionary biology: Study of the origins and
changes in the diversity of life over time.
Genetics: Study of heredity and genetic material

(DNA/RNA, chromosomes, genes).
Molecular biology: Study of biological molecules.
Physiology: Study of the functions of organisms

and their parts.
History of medical Biology
1. Aristotle
-1st bio. teacher
“Father of Biology and Zoology”
2. Hippocrates
● “Father of Medicine”
3. Roper hook
Cell‖ First to observe a plant cell (cork cell)
4. Antonio Philips
• Helped in the improvement of the microscope
• First to describe muscles, blood flow in capillaries, spermatozoa,
bacteria and protozoans
5. Carl Linnaeus
• Laid the foundations for the modern scheme of Taxonomy
• Introduced the use of binomial nomenclature (genus +
species)
6.Gregor Johann Mendel

• Father of Genetics
• First to discover the ability of organisms (pea plants) to
pass traits from parents to offspring.
7. Louis Pasteur
• Confirmed the theory of diseases
• Introduced the process of pasteurization
• First to create a vaccine against rabies
• Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
8.Lister
• “Father of Aseptic Surgery”
9. Sir Alexander Fleming

Isolate and discovered antibiotic (penicillin)
10 . Charles Robert Darwin
Pioneered the evolutionary theory , Proponent of
the theory of natural selection
11. Watson and CrickSabin

Discovered the double
helix structure of the DNA
12. Robert Koch

He is considered one of the founders of microbiology
Characteristics of living things
1. Cellular composition
2. Growth
3. Reproduction
4. Movement
5. Adaptation
6. Metabolism
7. Specific organization
8. Homeostasis
9. Responsiveness
1.Cellular composition
• Made up of at least one
cell
• Unicellular - made of
one cell (bacteria,
amoeba, paramecium)
• Multicellular - made up
of two or more cells
(plants, fungi, animals)
2. Growth
Increase in cell size (unicellular) and/or an
increase in cell number (multicellular)
3.Reproduction
• All living organisms have the ability to produce
offspring.Either,
• Asexual- cell division (mitosis)—one cell

becomes two Ex: bacteria
• Sexual- union of sex cells (sperm and egg) Ex:
plants and animals
4. Movement
3 types:
A. Place to Place- (ex: bear running, bird
flying, etc)
B. External Part- (ex: + phototropism,
plants orient leaves toward sun)
C. Internal- (ex: cytoplasmic streaming
5. Adaptation
• Changing to meet the needs of the

environment
6.reactions
Set of chemical Metabolism
that convert “food” into energy
7. Specific organization
• Certain parts do specific jobs (ex: heart, nucleus,
chloroplasts, etc)
8. Homeostasis
• Maintaining the same state example -Water balance
inside and outside of cell
9. Responsiveness
• Reaction(s) to various stimuli
• Examples of stimuli: light, heat, pH, vibration,
Levels of living organization
Living things are
organized:
 Cells ⇨ tissues ⇨ organs

⇨ Systems ⇨ Organism
(multicellular organisms)
 All organisms of one type

belong to a population.
 The population of various

Classification
Classification of organisms
• The tool used for classification or grouping of
objects or information based on similarities.
• The science that deals with classification
called taxonomy
• Taxonomy
Is the branch of biology that groups and
names organisms based on studies of
their different characteristics.
• The modern taxonomic system was

developed by the Swedish botanist
Carolus Linnaeus.
Hierarchial classification
Binomial Scientific and
nomenclature common names
• Taxonomists are required
• In this system, the first
word identifies the
to use Latin because the
genus of the organism. language is no longer used
in conversation and,
• A genus (genera-plural)
consists of a group of • therefore, does not change.
Scientific names should be
similar species. italicized in print and
• The second word, which underlined when
sometimes describes a handwritten.
characteristic of the • The first letter of the genus
organism, is called the name is uppercase, but the
specific epithet.
first letter of the specific
epithet is lowercase.
Passer domesticus
Why organism classified?
• Organisms are placed
into kingdoms based on
their type of cells, their
ability to make food and
the number of cells in
their bodies
• All organisms are
classified into one of the
following 6 kingdoms.
The grouping of organisms into
KINGDOMS is based on 4
factors:
1. Cell Type: (prokaryotic or

eukaryotic)
2. Cell Number: (unicellular or
multicellular)
3. Feeding Type: (autotroph or
heterotroph)
4.Reproduction type: (sexual or
asexual)
Classification according to the
cell types
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Prokaryotes: refer to the smallest and
simplest type of cells, without a true
nucleus and no membrane-bound
organelles.
Bacteria fall under this category.
Some characteristics:
1. Small(1-10μm).
2. DNA circular,unbounded.
3. Genome consists of single
chromosome.
4. Asexual reproduction common,by
mitosis.
5. No general organelles.
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Eukaryotes: are more complex in structure, with nuclei
and membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic organisms unlike prokaryotic can be
unicellular or multicellular.
Some characteristics of eukaryotes are:
1. Large (100 - 1000 μm).

2. DNA in nucleus, bounded by membrane.
3. Genome consists of several chromosomes.
4. Sexual reproduction common, by mitosis and
meiosis.
5. Mitochondria and other organelles present.
6. Most forms are multicellular
according to the Cell numbers
• Unicellular - made of one cell (bacteria, amoeba,
paramecium)
• Multicellular - made up of two or more cells (plants,

fungi, animals)
according to the feeding types
• Feeding Type : How the organisms get their
energy 0r food. Either
1.Producer (Autotroph): Makes it’s own food

2. Consumer (Heterotroph): Must eat other
organisms to survive
according to the reproduction
types
• Reproduction Type : How the organisms
produce offspring. Either
1. Asexual : One parent
• Binary Fission
• Fragmentation
• Budding
2.Sexual: Two Parents
Kingdoms and Domains
• In the 18th Century,
organisms were
considered to belong to
one of two kingdoms,
Animalia or Plantae.
• In 1969, Robert Whittaker
proposed a five-kingdom
system consisting of
monerans, protists, fungi,
plants and animals.
Kingdom1:Archeabacteria
Archaebacteria characteristics:
• Domain: Archaea
• Organisms: Methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles,
and psychrophiles
• Cell Type: Prokaryotic
• Metabolism: Depending on species—oxygen, hydrogen,
carbon dioxide, sulfur, sulfide may be needed for
metabolism
• Nutrition Acquisition: Depending on species—nutrition
intake may by absorption, non-photosynthetic
photophosphorylation, or chemosynthesis
• Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission,
Kingdom 2: Eubacteria
Characteristics of Eubacteria:
Domain: Bacteria
Organisms: Bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green

algae), and actinobacteria
Cell Type: Prokaryotic
Metabolism: Depending on species—oxygen may

be toxic, tolerated, or needed for metabolism
Nutrition Acquisition:Depending on species—

nutrition intake may by absorption,
photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis
Reproduction: Asexual
Kingdom 3: Protista
Characteristics of Protista:
Domain: Eukarya
Organisms: Amoebae, green algae & slime

molds
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism
Nutrition Acquisition:Depending on species—

nutrition intake may be by absorption,
photosynthesis, or ingestion
Reproduction: Mostly asexual, but meiosis

occurs in some species
Kingdom 4: Fungi
Cell type: eukaryotic
Cell number: unicellular or

multicellular
Feeding habit: decomposer
Reproduction: Asexual or
sexual reproduction
Ex : mushrooms
Kingdom 5:Plantae
Cell type : eukaryotic
Cell number: multicellular
Feeding habit: producers
Reproduction: asexual and sexual
Kingdom 6: Animalia
Domain: Eukarya
Organisms: Mammals, amphibians, sponges, insects, worms.
Cell Type: Eukaryotic
Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism.
Nutrition Acquisition: Ingestion
Reproduction: Sexual reproduction occurs in most and asexual
reproduction in some.
• Animals can be classified into two main groups: vertebrates and
invertebrates.
• Vertebrates have a backbone or spinal column, have an internal
skeleton made of bone, an advanced nervous system with a
developed brain and have outer covering of protective cellular
skin.
• Invertebrates have no backbone, no cell walls. They are

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Introduction to

1st theory lecture

• Its name is derived from the Greek words "bios" (life)

• Biologists study the structure, function, growth, origin,

• Botany: Study of plants, including agriculture,

• Cellular biology: Study of the basic cellular

• Ecology: Study of how organisms interact with

Genetics: Study of heredity and genetic material

Molecular biology: Study of biological molecules.

Physiology: Study of the functions of organisms

6.Gregor Johann Mendel

9. Sir Alexander Fleming

11. Watson and CrickSabin

12. Robert Koch

• Asexual- cell division (mitosis)—one cell

• Changing to meet the needs of the

 Cells ⇨ tissues ⇨ organs

 All organisms of one type

 The population of various

• The modern taxonomic system was

1. Cell Type: (prokaryotic or

Some characteristics of eukaryotes are:

1. Large (100 - 1000 μm).

• Multicellular - made up of two or more cells (plants,

1.Producer (Autotroph): Makes it’s own food

Organisms: Bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green

Cell Type: Prokaryotic

Metabolism: Depending on species—oxygen may

Nutrition Acquisition:Depending on species—

Organisms: Amoebae, green algae & slime

Cell Type: Eukaryotic

Metabolism: Oxygen is needed for metabolism

Nutrition Acquisition:Depending on species—

Reproduction: Mostly asexual, but meiosis

Cell number: unicellular or

Feeding habit: decomposer

• Invertebrates have no backbone, no cell walls. They are

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