Presented by

Presented by
Shilpa Ponnappa
Shilpa Ponnappa

International Research Centre, Bangalore

Contents

• What is a paint?
• Binders
• Pigments
• Additives
• Solvents
• Extenders

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What is a paint?

• • AAcoating
coatingcomposition
compositioncontaining
containingbinder,
binder,
filler/pigment,
filler/pigment, additives and thinnerisisusually
additives and thinner usually
called a paint
called a paint

• • IfIfthe
thethinner
thinnerlevel
levelisisreduced
reducedaahigh
highsolids
solidspaint
paint
results
results

• • IfIfthinner
thinnerisisremoved
removedaltogether,
altogether,the
theproduct
productmay
maybe
be
solvent free liquid, or a powder coatings
solvent free liquid, or a powder coatings

• • IfIfthe
thefiller(pigment)
filler(pigment)isisremoved,
removed,the
theproduct
productisisaa
clear
clearvarnish
varnish

• • IfIfthe
thebinder
binderisisleft
leftout,
out,the
theproduct
productisisuseless
useless

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What is a binder ?

Binders are the non-volatile resins that bind pigment

particles together.

The adhesive quality of these resins also causes the

pigment particles to stick to a substrate.

The stronger they adhere to the surface and the higher

the quality of the resin, the more durable the paint
film will remain over time.

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 Commonly used binders that form the foundation for many
coatings include
Emulsions (acrylic or vinyl)
Dispersions (acrylic, alkyd or polyurethane)
Solutions (alkyds, polyesters, epoxies, acrylics and
urethanes)
There are also hybrids such as acrylic urethanes and
polyester urethanes
Alkyd resins are used in solvent-borne and waterborne
coatings.
Synthetic or natural material used as the binder in coatings.
Can be translucent or transparent, solid or semi-solid.
Examples: acrylic, alkyd, ester, epoxy, polyurethane, polyvinyl
chloride, silicone

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Pigments

• Pigments are the finely ground, solid particles that are

dispersed in liquid to make paint
• These non-volatile particles, packed tightly together, are what
you see when you look at dried paint film
• The selection and proper balancing of pigment combination
controls hiding, chalking, tint retention, color and sheen
uniformity, flexibility, gloss, scrub resistance, color
development, corrosion resistance, blistering, touch up and
leveling

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Classification of “Colorant”

Colorants

Dyestuff Pigment
(soluble) (insoluble)

White Color Black

Inorganic Organic Inorganic “Organic” Inorganic

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 COLORING MATTER

Pigments

Dyestuffs

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Pigment classes

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Influence of Particle Size

Disperse

Reducing Particle Size

Increases: Reduces:
Colour strength Opacity
Gloss Fastness
Viscosity Dispersability

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 Influence of Pigment Particle Shape

3 basic shapes:
Determined by crystal form Equal sided
Produces best rheology
Modified by additives during
precipitation

Always trade off for other

Needle like Gives
properties !
best colour strength

Platy
Produces best opacity

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Opacity – Transparency / Hiding power

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Color Strength

• Determined degree of light absorption and scattering in the

media
• Also depend on particle size and exposed surface area of
pigment. Higher color strength is obtained with smaller
particles
• The above is controlled by degree of dispersion, aggregation,
flocculation, etc.

Color Intensity
• Measure of brightness or clearness of the pigments
• Pigments with more than one chromophore are dull
because adsorption occurs over a wide spectral range

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Metallic pigments

Composition - Aluminum flakes

• Cornflake type: more irregular in shape, gloss is
smoother
• Silver dollar type: shapes of coins, brighter
lightness flip-flop more pronounced

• PVD type : PVD = Physical Vapor Deposition,

extremely flat and smooth, thin

very bright

Use: Classical metallic coating with good hiding power

• Combination with transparent absorption pigments
(transparent iron oxides, perylenes, phthalocyanines)
• Distinct flop from bright, light color at face angle view to
dark color at grazing angle view 15
 Effect pigments

Typically a transparent effect pigment (pearlescent, iridescent) is

based on thin platelets of low refractive index material, coated
with a high refractive index material.

The color is
determined by the
coating thickness,
the refractive index
and the angle of
illumination

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 SPECIALITY PIGMENTS

Phosphorescent pigments

Luminous pigments – capable of

absorbing-storing-emitting
visible light and can glow in the
dark automatically.

Anticorrosive
pigments
Functional pigments (Anticorrosive) –
provide a barrier inhibiting the
electrochemical activity

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Additives

• Additives are the important component of paint

• Used to influence application- and paint characteristics
• They also offer special performance abilities like rust
inhibition or UV protection

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 Additives

Used to influence application- and paint characteristics

Wetting and dispersing additive (or) pigment dispersants

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Rheological additives

To improve anti-settling and sag resistance

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 Wax additives
Scratch and abrasion Water repellency
resistance

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Anti-settling and Orientation in Effect pigment
basecoats

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Solvents

• Used as means of transport, influences application

characteristics
• The solvents in a liquid coating are what make a coating
thin enough to apply easily
• Solvents are the medium that carry the solid ingredients to
the surface being painted. Without solvents, paint would
have the consistency of mud.
• Solvents work by dissolving a binder and reducing the
viscosity of the coating allowing it to be applied in a thin
even coat
• They also help control the rate of drying and the ability of
the coating to flow and level
• As the solvent evaporates, what’s left behind is a hard,
durable surface – Paint film
• Selection of solvents also depend on the legislation
requirement like HAPS

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Solvent borne coatings

Solvent-borne coatings are often referred to as the

workhorses of the industry because of their reputation for
providing
• long-lasting finishes that dry quickly
• meet high production schedules

Available as total coating systems, solvent-borne products

encompass a whole range of uses including fillers, primers,
sealers and topcoats

Also can meet specific demands for gloss and color retention
and chemical resistance

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Waterborne coatings

• As the name suggests, these coatings employ water

as their primary “solvent” in place of organic
solvents to deliver paint to the surface being
finished.
• For many years, they were considered inferior to
solvent-borne coatings since they did not provide the
same tough and long-lasting performance
characteristics. But technological improvements
have resulted in waterborne coatings that have
properties that are equal or even surpass those of
solvent-borne finishes
• One of the most significant advantages offered is
their low VOC levels and zero HAPS which meet even
the toughest regulatory requirements
• Examples: Latex – vinyl acrylic, styrene, butadiene
Alkyd emulsions, polyurethane dispersions
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 Waterborne Coatings

Drawbacks
Stability of resins in water
Advantages
• High speed of dry
• Use of co-solvents • Highest MW polymers
• Fixed evaporation rate of can be used
water • Great for colors and
• Humidity dependence of metallics
cure

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The left behind – The paint film –
Solvent borne coatings
• How a coating forms a film, or the solid surface that’s left
behind once the solvent evaporates, is another part of
understanding the differences in the performance of liquid
coatings.
• Once a coating is applied, there are three basic
mechanisms that allow the paint to form a film

1. Evaporation
2. Oxidation
3. Chemical curing

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The paint film formation

1. Evaporation
Lacquer coatings dry by this mechanism as the
solvent evaporates leaving behind a solid material. In
this case, the binder does not go through any
chemical change while evaporation is taking place
2. Oxidation
The binder (usually an oil/alkyd) reacts with oxygen
from the air to cure and harden. With oxidation,
coatings dry by solvent evaporation
3. Chemical curing
Chemically cured coatings harden and attain their
final resistance properties as a result of a chemical
reaction that combines small molecules to create
larger molecules (Themoset)

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 The paint film formation

The film formation due to

• Solvent evaporation
• Surface tension (gradients) :
a smooth surface
• Entanglement of polymer

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Extenders

Ingredients added to paint to reduce cost, achieve

durability, alter appearance, control rheology and
influence other desirable properties. Examples: barium
sulphate, calcium carbonate, clay, gypsum, silica, talc. \

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 Raw material usage in paints

White Additives
Solvents
AdditivesWater pigments 15% 1% White
1% 10% 16% Other pigments
Pigments 35%
4%
Solvents Extenders Resins
33% 13% 34%
Other
Extenders
Resins Pigments
1%
23% 14%

Weight % Value %

Typical raw material costs

● DPP Red BO costs € 79 / Kg ● Heliogen Blue L7101F costs € 17 / Kg
● polyester resin costs € 2.2 / Kg ● Butyl acetate costs € 0.60 / Kg
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END Thanks for the attention.

End
Endof
of
module
module

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