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    lecture 9

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    lecture 9

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    3 views24 pages

    lecture 9

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    Number system

    Ahmed Bilal
    Number system
    • Binary numbers = 0,1
    • Octal number 1 to 7 ( what about 8,9 similar 80 to 90 )
    • Hex 1 to 9 and A to 10
    Adding, subtraction, division of
    number
    • Adding subtraction
    • 111 111
    • +1 -1
    • ------ -----
    • 1000 110
    Conversions
    Let start form binary Let start form binary
    Decimal to binary: (65)10 Binary to octal: (1000001)2
    2|65 Strep 1: Binary to decimal
    2|32-1 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Octal
    2|16-0 1x2+0x2+0x2+0x2+0x2+0x2+1x2 D/8 (…)8
    2|8-0 64+1=65
    2|4-0 Strep 2: O*8
    2|2-0 8|65
    8|8-1
    |1-0
    1-0
    D/2 D/16
    (1000001)2 (101)8 Decimal
    Binary to decimal (…)10
    6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Binary Hex
    1x2+0x2+0x2+0x2+0x2+0x2+1x2
    64+1=65 (…)2 (…)16
    B*2 H*16
    hexadecimal to binary number
    Question 1: Convert A2B16 to an equivalent binary
    number.
    Solution: Given hexadecimal number = A2B 16
    3016 = (3 × 161) + (0 × 160) First, convert the given hexadecimal to the equivalent
    decimal number.
    = 48 + 0
    A2B16 = (A × 162) + (2 × 161) + (B × 160)
    = 48(Decimal number)
    Now we have to convert 4810 to = (A × 256) + (2 × 16) + (B × 1)
    = (10 ×256) + 32 + 11
    binary.
    = 2560 + 43
    Therefore,
    = 2603(Decimal number)
    Now we have to convert 2603 10 to binary
    The binary number is 1100002
    Hence, 3016 = 1100002
    The binary number obtained is 101000101011 2
    Hence, A2B16 = 1010001010112
    Q.2: Convert 108 to a binary number.
    Solution: Given number is 108
    108 = (1 * 81) + (0 * 80)
    =1*8+0*1
    =8+0
    = 8 (Decimal number)
    Now convert this decimal number into its equivalent binary
    number. Let us draw a table to show the conversion of decimal
    to binary as given below.
    Therefore, the equivalent binary number is 1000 2.
    Decimal Number Quotient Remainder
    divided by 2

    8 divided by 2 4 0

    4 divided by 2 2 0

    2 divided by 2 1 0

    1 divided by 2 0 1
    1st and 2nd complement
    • 1st complement of “0111” is “1000” inverse of first (invers)
    • In 2nd after 1st complement add the 1 in MSB
    • Example of 2nd complement
    • 2nd complement of “0111” is “1001
    • 2nd complement of “1100” is “0100”
    BCD code
    BCD
    Decimal
    digit 8 4 2 1
    0 0 0 0 0
    1 0 0 0 1
    2 0 0 1 0
    3 0 0 1 1
    4 0 1 0 0
    5 0 1 0 1
    6 0 1 1 0
    7 0 1 1 1
    8 1 0 0 0
    9 1 0 0 1
    Excess-3 Code
    Decimal Excess-3
    0 0011
    1 0100 Add 3 or subtract 3
    2 0101
    3 0110
    4 0111 1001 (9) decimal value of
    5 1000 9
    6 1001
    7 1010
    +0011 (3) decimal value of
    8 1011 3
    9 1100 ----------
    10 1101
    11 1110 1100
    12 1111 As the name shows that excess-3 is the addition of
    BCD.
    Excess-3 codes are unweighted and can be obtained by
    adding 3 to each decimal digit then it can be
    represented by using 4 bit binary number for each
    digit.
    2421 Code (Weight base)
    Decimal Decimal
    2 4 2 1 2 4 2 1
    digit digit
    0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
    2 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0
    3 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 1
    4 0 1 0 0 4 1 0 1 0
    5 1 0 1 1 5 0 1 0 1
    6 1 1 0 0 6 0 1 1 0
    7 1 1 0 1 7 0 1 1 1
    8 1 1 1 0 8 1 1 1 0
    9 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1
    GRAY Code
    Decimal No. BCD (8421) Excess-3 Code 2421 Code Gray Code
    0 0000 0011 0000 0000
    1 0001 0100 0001 0001
    2 0010 0101 0010 0011
    3 0011 0110 0011 0010
    4 0100 0111 0100 0110
    5 0101 1000 0101 0111
    6 0110 1001 1100 0101
    7 0111 1010 1101 0100
    8 1000 1011 1110 1100
    9 1001 1100 1111 1101
    10 0001 0000 1101 1111
    11 0001 0001 1110 1110
    12 0001 0010 1111 1010
    13 0001 0011 1011
    14 0001 0100 1001
    15 0001 0101 1000
    Binary to gray conversion
    Same =0
    Different =1
    Decimal 011 to gray
    0 1 0
    MSB

    Decimal 7 binary value is 011 and gray code is 010


    Boolean algebra
    Two level implementation
    Canonical Forms
    Boolean logic
    Boolean logic
    K map

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