M. Phil.

Zoology

Lecture-1-2-3

FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE

3(2-1)
 INTRODUCTION

FISHERIES
The term fisheries is used to describe any thing related to fishes,
the waters where fishing takes place or the species of fish being
harvested, fisheries industry.

Fisheries of may be large commercial fisheries, recreational

fisheries (see Fishing), or small subsistence fisheries (fishing to
provide the basic needs of the fishing community). The term
fishery is also used to describe the waters where fishing takes
place or the species of fish being harvested
AQUACLTURE

Aquaculture is the raising and harvesting

of aquatic animals and plants in water.
Common products of aquaculture are
carps, catfish, trout, oysters, shrimp,
salmon, and tropical fish for aquariums.

FISH FARMING

Fish culture is the raising and harvesting

of various fish species in confined
conditions.
 Importance of Aquaculture
 People consume about 70 percent of fish caught, and
nearly 30 percent are used as animal feed that helps
produce other forms of protein.
 Fish protein represents about 25 percent of the total
animal protein consumed by the world’s population,
second only to beef.
 Fisheries are an important source of food, income, jobs,
and recreation for people around the world.
 More than 1 billion people worldwide rely on fish as an
important source of animal proteins.
 Source of livelihood and income, as well as an essential
source of protein aquaculture
 Catches have reached, or are very close to, their
maximum sustainable limits

 About 47 percent of the main stocks or species groups

are fully exploited

 By 2015-2030 world capture production will stagnate,

while world aquaculture production will continue to
increase

 Contribute 29% of global supplies of fish, crustaceans

and molluscs

 Small-scale aquaculture integrated with other farming

activities

 Total world trade of fish and fishery products export

value of $60 billion
Pakistan Production (FAO Fishery Statistic)

6
Pakistan Capture Production (FAO Fishery Statistic)

7
Pakistan Aquaculture Production
(FAO Fishery Statistic)

8
 PAKISTAN (2006-2007)
1.0 percent in GDP
3.4 percent in agriculture
Growth rate 16.6 %
 Fish Production 573,600 M.tons
Marine 403,500 M.tons
Inland Water 170,100 M.tons
 Export Production Amount
(m.t)
(US$)
90,225 M.tons 126 million 9
 FISHERIES RESOURCES
 Coast Line 1100 km
 EEZ 1,10,000 sq. nautical
miles
 Rivers and Major Tributaries Max. 29,40000 ha
Min. 7,13000 ha
 Canals 22,400 ha
 Dams 24,960 ha
 Reservoirs
Attached to Barrages) 40,840 ha
 Lakes and Water Logged areas 47,400 ha
 Small Dams 5,000 ha
 Private Aquaculture Farms 24,000 ha

10
 History of Aquaculture
 Aquaculture was developed more than 2000 years
ago in countries such as China, Rome, and Egypt.

 First book on fish farming was written by a Chinese

Fan Li in 475 BC.

 Fish farm pictures has been found in Egyptian

pyramids.

 Mollusk culture was advanced in the 1200s by the

discovery in France

 There are evidences of oyster culture in Japan in

1600AD
 The concept of pond fertilization was developed
in Europe about 1500 AD.

 In North America trout farming was started in

18th centaury.

 Fish farming got a boast after the first world war.

Revolution in fish farming came after the
successful induced spawning of fishes in China
in 1956.
FISH
Fish can be defined as cold-blooded vertebrate
adapted to living in water.

It respires by means of gills and has paired

appendages

Most species of fishes are cold-blooded animals.

This means they are unable to maintain a
constant body temperature different from the
surrounding water.
 Fish need oxygen to survive and get their
oxygen from water. A few fish can also
breathe air.

 Of all the vertebrate groups, fishes are the

richest group in number of species.

 The recent estimate of living species is 22

thousand, and each year 100 new species
are described.
 Fishes constitute almost half the total number of
vertebrate species.

 Of 22,000 living species, 95% are bony fishes,

mainly teleosts, and the remaining comprise
some 50 species of agnathans (jawless fishes),
and about 800 species of cartilagenous fishes.

 Though the marine water account for 97.2% by

volume only 58% of modern species are marine
while 41% are freshwater inhabitants and the
remainder 1.0% are dadromous.
Fish or Fishes?

 Fish -- singular
 Fish -- plural
 Fishes -- plural (groups of fishes)

end
 Diversity of Habitats:
 Intermittent streams  Hot springs
 Desert springs  Swift streams
 Oceanic trenches  Continental shelves
 Saline bays  Estuaries
 Caves  Underground aquifers
 Open oceans
 Fishes live in almost every type of aquatic
environment,
 Ranging from Antarctic water at about -2°c the
hot springs where temperature is as high as
52°c.
 The altitudinal distribution range from 5000m.
above sea level to some 11,000 m beneath
 The smallest fish recorded from freshwater is
10.0-11.5mm in length, Marine 8.0 -10 mm in
length .
 The largest fish found today is a cartilagenous
shark, of about 15-18m., and weighs upto 25
tonnes.
Freshwater vs. Saltwater
 58 % of fishes are marine
 41 % freshwater
 Earth’s waters:
 97% saltwater; 70% of surface of Earth
 0.0093 % freshwater; 1% of Earth surface

end
Diversity of Life Styles:

 Nekton (self mobile) • carnivorous

 Plankton (drifters) • omnivorous
 Bottom dwellers • herbivorous
(benthic)
 Pelagic (open water)
• filter feeders
 surface oriented • parasites
(epipelagic) • diadromous

end
The heaviest bony fish in the world is ocean Sunfish weighs
upto 2235 kg.

Largest fish in freshwaters reaches a length of about 4-5 m.,

weighing about 1000 kg.

Most fish breathe underwater with the help of special

respiratory organs called gills.

Gills are made of a series of thin sheets or filaments through

which blood circulates.

Some species, such as the lungfish, lack gills but can breathe
air by means of lungs.

A critical event in the evolution of bony fishes was the

development of an air-filled organ called a swim bladder.
The swim bladder enables fish to float at a
desired depth without spending extra
energy to swim in place.

There are two types of swim bladders in

bony fish:

 One exchanges gas through the fish’s

mouth and anus, as in herrings

 Other exchanges gas through a

complex system of blood vessels, as in
perches
 Lecture-2

FISH MOPHOLOGY
• External Morphology
• Various Types of Fish Shapes
• Scales and Fins
 Scales and Skin
 Fish is Covered with a tough, slimy skin,
easily separable from the underlying
muscles.
 With few exception, fishes are always
covered with scales.
 To avoid other predators and survive in
the aquatic world
 The most important function of the scales
is the protection of body.
 Sharks and their relatives have placoid
scales
 Ganoid scales, found in primitive bony
fishes
 Modern bony fishes have either cycloid or
ctenoid scales.
 Both are in the form of thin bony plates
arranged in regular rows
 Ctenoid scales differ from cycloid in
having spines on their posterior margin.
 The epidermis which covers the scales
contain innumerable mucus glands.
Placoid scales

Cosmoid scales
Ganoid scales

Ctenoid scales
FINS
 The shape, size, and location of fins are related
with different body shape
 The fins in fishes are classified as Median or
Paired.
 The median fins lie along median axis and
typically consists of Dorsal (On back)
Caudal(tail) and Anal (behind vent).
 Caudal fin shape and structure, strongly related
to the normal swimming speed of a fish.
 Paired fins are called the pectorals and
pelvics
 The paired fins are mainly used for
establishing head up and down in straight
swimming.
 The pectorals are supported by the
pectoral girdle, and are generally located
high up on the sides of fishes just behind
the operculum
 Pelvic fins, vary much in position and
adaptive modification
 Lecture-3

FORM, MOVEMENT
& CLASSIFICATION

end
Living Fishes:
 Numerous--23,250 valid spp.
 200 new species
described/yr
 possibly 30,000 or more

end
Named & Valid Species
of fishes
30000
24,600 25,000
25000 21,700
18,818 2000
20000
1988 1996
15000
1976
10000
5000
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Moyle & Cech

end
Examples of new species:

New species of shark (500 m; near Galapagos Is.)

end
New species of wrasse (Labridae) (near Galapagos Is.)
end
New species of sea bass (Serranidae) (near Galapagos Is.)
end
New species of pipefish—orange hairy ghost pipefi
end
Diversity of Form:

brook trout
end
sea horse

end
flounder

end
deepsea anglerfish
end
sand tiger shark
end
barred moray eel
end
Advantages of size:
 Survivability:
predator avoidance
prey availability
environmental selection

end
 Dorsal fin--spines Dorsal fin--rays

Caudal fin
Caudal peduncle

Pectoral fins Pelvic fins Anal fin

end
 Evolutionary History:
Phylum Chordata

Subphylum
Myxini Vertebrata

Superclass

Gnathostomata
Class

Myxini Cephalaspidomorphi Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes

end
 Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclasse Agnatha,
The lamprey and other fishes without jaws
Superclasse Gnathostomata,
Fishes with hinged jaws

Class Chondrichthyes, the cartilaginous fishes

Class Osteichthyes, the bony fishes
Subclass Sarcopterygii, lobe-finned fishes
Subclass Actinopterygii, ray-finned fishes
 Major Types of Fishes
Jawless Fishes

 The primitive fishes of the class Agnatha

 Lack jaws and the paired pelvic and pectoral
 Two living groups
 The lampreys and the hagfishes
The Cartilaginous Fishes
 Cartilaginous skeletons
 The absence of either a swim blaber or
lungs
 The construction of their tail fins
 The absence of gill covering or
operculum.
The Bony Fishes
 Bone skeletons
 Presence of either a swim bladder or lung
 Two subclasses,
 The fleshy-finned fish
 The ray-finned fish. (95% of all living fish
species.)