Directing

Edited By
Dr. Kamlesh Kumar Maurya
Definition Characteristics Importance

1. Achieves Goals: Ensures that

organizational goals are met.
• Continuous Activity: 2. Improves Efficiency:
Directing is an ongoing Enhances productivity and
process. resource utilization.
Directing is the process of
3. Employee Satisfaction:
guiding and supervising
• Human Factor: Focuses on Boosts morale and job
employees to achieve
human resources. satisfaction.
organizational goals effectively
4. Adaptability: Helps
and efficiently.
• Creative Activity: organizations adapt to
Encourages innovation and changes.
creativity. 5. Conflict Resolution:
Resolves conflicts among
employees.
 Principles Techniques

1. Unity of Direction: One plan of action to

1. Leadership: Guiding and motivating
achieve a common goal.
employees.
2. Scalar Chain: Clear communication
2. Supervision: Monitoring and guiding
channels within the organization.
employees’ performance.
3. Remuneration: Fair compensation for
3. Communication: Effective flow of
employees.
information within the organization.
4. Subordination of Individual Interest:
4. Motivation: Encouraging employees to
Organizational interest over individual
achieve objectives.
interest.
5. Team Building: Fostering teamwork and
5. Authority and Responsibility: Clear
collaboration.
delegation of authority and responsibility.
 Process Activities

1. Setting Objectives: Defining clear goals

1. Issuing Orders: Giving clear instructions to and expectations.
subordinates. 2. Delegation: Assigning tasks and
2. Supervising Work: Monitoring tasks and responsibilities.
performance. 3. Coordination: Harmonizing activities and
3. Motivating Employees: Encouraging efforts of different departments.
employees to put in their best effort. 4. Conflict Resolution: Addressing conflicts
4. Leadership: Providing guidance and and issues among employees.
direction. 5. Performance Appraisal: Evaluating
5. Communication: Ensuring effective flow of employee performance for feedback and
information. improvement.
Definition

Leadership is the ability to inspire, influence, and guide individuals or groups to achieve a
common goal. It involves motivating others, providing direction, and fostering a collaborative
environment to maximize the team's potential. Effective leaders exhibit qualities such as
vision, empathy, and decisiveness, empowering their team members to achieve success.

Example: A CEO who inspires employees through a clear vision, supports their growth, and
fosters a positive work culture, leading the company to achieve its strategic goals, exemplifies
leadership.
Leadership vs Management

Leadership Management
Involves guiding and inspiring people to Focuses on controlling and organizing
achieve a common goal. resources to achieve specific objectives.

Emphasizes interpersonal relationships, Emphasizes planning, coordination, and

motivation, and influence. control of activities.

Vision-oriented, encouraging innovation and Task-oriented, ensuring tasks are completed

change. efficiently.
Inspires and aligns team members towards a Directs and oversees tasks to meet
shared vision. organizational goals.
• Process of Leadership

1.Establishing a Vision: Defining a clear direction for the team or organization.

2.Inspiring and Motivating: Energizing and encouraging team members to work

towards the vision.

3.Setting Direction: Providing guidance and setting goals to achieve the vision.

4.Supporting and Empowering: Supporting team members and empowering them

with necessary resources and authority.

5.Evaluating Progress: Assessing team performance and making necessary

adjustments to achieve goals.
Theory Description Example

Focuses on identifying inherent traits that Leaders possess traits like confidence and
Trait Theory
make a good leader. integrity.

Behavioral Theory Emphasizes the behaviors and actions of Effective leaders demonstrate supportive
effective leaders. and directive behaviors.

Contingency Leadership style depends on the situation Leadership approach varies based on the
Theory and environment. specific situation.

Transformational Leaders inspire and motivate followers to Transformational leaders create a

Leadership achieve exceptional outcomes. compelling vision and empower their team.

Servant Leadership Leaders serve and prioritize the needs of Servant leaders focus on the well-being and
their team members. development of employees.
Leadership Life Cycle

1.Introduction Phase: The leader is new and team members are getting
acquainted with the leader's style and expectations.
2.Growth Phase: The leader establishes authority, builds relationships,
and the team starts to achieve goals.
3.Maturity Phase: The team operates smoothly under the leader's
guidance, and productivity is high.
4.Decline Phase: Productivity decreases, conflicts arise, and the leader
may need to adapt strategies or make changes to revive the team.
Leadership Succession Planning
Steps Description
Identify Potential Leaders Identify employees with leadership potential within the
organization.
Provide Development Offer training, mentoring, and experiences to nurture
Opportunities leadership skills.

Evaluate and Assess Skills Assess potential leaders' skills, competencies, and
suitability for leadership roles.

Create Succession Plans Develop plans outlining the transition process and role
expectations.
Monitor Progress and Provide Support potential leaders, monitor their progress, and offer
Support guidance.
What is Motivation?
Motivation is defined as inner burning
passion caused by need, wants and desire
which propels an individual to exert his
physical and mental energy to achieve
desired objectives.
 Establishing SMART goals
Motivation is increased by setting (Specific, Measurable,
Goal Setting Theory
clear and challenging goals. Achievable, Relevant, Time-
bound) for employees.

Employees are motivated when

Clearly communicating the
they believe their efforts will lead
Expectancy Theory link between performance and
to desired performance, which will
rewards.
result in rewards.
 Employees are motivated when
Ensuring equal pay for equal
they perceive their input-to-
Equity Theory work and recognizing and
output ratio as fair compared to
rewarding effort.
their colleagues.

Motivation is based on fulfilling Providing a safe and supportive

Maslow's Hierarchy of hierarchical needs, such as work environment, along with
Needs physiological, safety, social, opportunities for personal and
esteem, and self-actualization. professional growth.
 Motivators include challenging work,
Identifies factors that lead to job recognition, and growth
Herzberg’s
satisfaction (motivators) and opportunities, while hygiene factors
Two-Factor Theory
dissatisfaction (hygiene factors). include salary, working conditions,
and company policies.

Jobs are most motivating when they are Redesigning jobs to include a variety
characterized by skill variety, task of tasks, opportunities for skill
Job Characteristics Model
identity, task significance, autonomy, development, and clear performance
and feedback. feedback.

Encouraging positive role modeling

Employees learn from observing others
and recognizing and rewarding
Social Cognitive Theory and the outcomes of their behavior,
behaviors that align with
affecting their own motivation.
organizational values.
• Controlling:
• Controlling is a managerial function that
involves monitoring, evaluating, and
regulating organizational activities to
ensure that goals are achieved.

• It is a systematic process that helps in

comparing actual performance with the
predetermined standards, identifying
deviations, and taking corrective actions.
Characteristics of Controlling:

• Systematic Process: Controlling involves a structured and systematic approach to

monitoring and regulating organizational activities.
• Continuous Activity: It is an ongoing process that continues throughout the life of an
organization. Regular monitoring is necessary to ensure that performance aligns with
objectives.
• Goal-oriented: Controlling is directed toward achieving organizational goals and
objectives. It ensures that activities are in line with the overall mission, vision and
objectives.
• Feedback Mechanism: Controlling provides feedback on performance, helping managers
make informed decisions and take corrective actions as needed.
• Dynamic in Nature: The control process is dynamic and adjusts to changes in the internal
and external environment. It adapts to new information and circumstances.
Steps in the Control Process:
• Establishing Standards:
• Define clear and measurable standards against which performance can be evaluated.
Standards can be set for quality, quantity, time, cost, etc.
• Measuring Performance:
• Gather data and measure actual performance against the established standards. This
involves collecting information on what has been accomplished.
• Comparing Performance with Standards:
• Compare the measured performance with the established standards to identify any
deviations. Determine the extent to which goals are met or unmet.
• Analyzing Deviations:
• Investigate the reasons for any deviations from the standards. This involves
understanding the causes of performance variations.
• Taking Corrective Action:
• Based on the analysis, take corrective actions to address deviations and bring
performance back in line with the standards. This can involve adjustments to
processes, resources, or strategies.
• Feedback:
• Provide feedback to employees and other stakeholders about the results of the control
process. Communicate the outcomes, both positive and negative.
• Adjusting Standards (if necessary):
• If the deviations are significant or if there are changes in the internal or external
environment, consider adjusting the standards for future performance.
• Continuous Monitoring:
• Establish a system for continuous monitoring and control. Regularly review and update
the control process to ensure its effectiveness over time.
Principle of Coordination Definition Example
The chain of command or In a company, the CEO communicates with
Principle of Scalar Chain authority should be clear and department heads, who then pass instructions to
unambiguous. their respective teams.
Each employee should receive An employee reports to a single supervisor to
Principle of Unity of Command orders from only one superior to ensure clear lines of communication and
avoid confusion and conflict. responsibility.
Activities with a common goal In a project, all tasks related to marketing are
Principle of Unity of Direction should be grouped together under managed by the marketing department under a
one manager. single manager.
Individual goals and interests
Principle of Subordination of should align with and contribute Employees prioritize the success of the team or
Individual Interest to General Interest to the overall organizational company over personal achievements.
objectives.
Employees should be given the
A manager encourages team members to suggest
freedom to exercise creativity and
Principle of Initiative improvements and take ownership of certain
take the initiative within the limits
aspects of a project.
of authority.
Team spirit and a sense of unity A company organizes team-building activities to
Principle of Esprit de Corps should be fostered among enhance collaboration and camaraderie among its
employees. staff.