9th

grade

The periodic table

Chemistry
The periodic table
• There are over 100 chemical elements which have been
isolated and identified
• Each element has one proton more than the element
preceding it
• This is done so that elements end up in columns with other
elements which have similar properties
• Elements are arranged on the periodic table in order of
increasing atomic number
• The table is arranged in vertical columns called groups and in
rows called periods
• Period: These are the horizontal rows that show the number of
shells of electrons an atom has and are numbered from 1 – 7
• E.g. elements in period 2 have two electron shells, elements in
period 3 have three electron shells
The periodic table
• Group: These are the vertical columns that show how many outer
electrons (also known as valency electrons) each atom has and are
numbered from I - VIl, with a final group called Group O (instead of
Group VIII)
• E.g. Group IV elements have atoms with 4 electrons in the
outermost shell, Group VI elements have atoms with 6 electrons in
the outermost shell and so on
• The group number can help determine the charge that metal and
non-metal ions form
• For metals, the group number corresponds to the number of
electrons it will lose to achieve a full outer shell and the charge of
the metal ion
• E.g. sodium is in Group I, it will lose 1 electron and form an ion
with a 1+ charge
• Magnesium is in Group Il, it will lose 2 electrons and form an ion
with a 2+ charge
Periodic table
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Ci Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fi Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
 • Valency (or combining power) tells
Valency
you how many bonds an atom can
make with another atom or how many
electrons its atoms lose, gain or share,
to form a compound
• E.g. carbon has a valancy of 4 as it is
in Group IV so a single carbon atom
can share 4 electrons to make 4 single
bonds or 2 double bonds
• The following valencies apply to
elements in each group:
 The Metallic character of Elements
• The metallic character of the elements
decreases as you move across a Period on the
Periodic Table, from left to right, and it
increases as you move down a Group
• This trend occurs due to atoms more readily
accepting electrons to fill their valence shells
rather than losing them to have the previous,
already full, electron shell as their outer shell
• Metals occur on the left -hand side of the
Periodic Table and non-metals on the right-
hand side
• Between the metals and the non-metals lie
the elements which display some properties of
both
Properties of metals and non-metals
Periodic trends and electronic configuratiom
• The electronic configuration is the arrangement
of electrons into shells for ar atom (e.g: the
electronic configuration of carbon is 2,4)
• There is a link between the electronic
configuration of the elements and their position on
the Periodic Table
• The number of notations in the electronic
configuration will show the number of occupied
shells of electrons the atom has, showing the
period
• The last notation shows the number of outer
electrons the atom has, showing the group number
Example: Electronic configuration of chlorine:
Periodic trends and electronic configuratiom

Period: The red numbers at the bottom show

the number of notations which is 3, showing
that a chlorine atom has 3 shells of electrons
.Group: The final notation, which is 7 in the
example, shows that a chlorine atom has 7
outer electrons and is in Group VII
 • Elements
Periodic trends in the same
and electronic group in the Periodic Table
configuratiom
have similar chemical properties
• When atoms collide and react, it is the outermost
electrons that interact
• The similarity in their chemical properties stems
from having the same number of electrons in their
outer shell
• For example, both lithium and sodium are in Group I
and can react with elements in Group VIl to form an
ionic compound (charges of Group lions are 1+,
charges of Group VIl ions are1-) by reacting in a
similar manner and each donating one electron to the
Group VIl element
• As you look down a group, a full shell of electrons is
added to each subsequent element• Lithium's
electronic configuration: 2,1
 Periodic properties
• Because there are patterns in the way
the elements are arranged on the Periodic
Table, there are also patterns and trends
in the chemical behaviour of the elements
and their physical properties
• These trends in properties occur down
groups and across the periods of the
Periodic Table
We can use the periodic table to predict
properties like:

01 02 03
Boiling point Melting point Density

04
Reactivity
 Some common properties/trends
include:
1 2 3
Transition
Group | elements
Noble gases are elements are
react very quickly
unreactive denser than Group I
with water
elements

4 5 6
In this way the Periodic
Reactivity Melting point
Table can be used to
decreases going decreases going
predict how a particular
down Group VII down Group I
element will behave
 Identify trends

• Using given information about elements, we can

identify trends in properties
• An example of when this might be used is to
determine the trend in reactivity of Group| metals
• The table below shows the reactions of the first
three elements in Group I with water
 Identify trends
• The observations show that reactivity of the Group I
metals increases as you go down the group
• Using this information we can predict the trend going
further down Group I for the elements rubidium, caesium
and francium
• As the reactivity of alkali metals increases down the
group, rubidium, caesium and francium will react more
vigorously with air and water than lithium, sodium and
potassium
• Lithium will be the least reactive metal in the group at
the top, and francium will be the most reactive at the
bottom
• Francium is rare and radioactive so is difficult to confirm
predictions
Table to Show the Predicted Reaction of other Group I
Elements with Water
 The Group I metals
Group I properties
• The Group I metals are also called the alkali metals
as they form alkaline solutions with high pH values
when reacted with water
• Group | metals are lithium, sodium, potassium,
rubidium, caesium and francium
• They all contain just one electron in their outer
shell
Physical properties of the Group I metals
• The Group I metals:
• Are soft and easy to cut, getting even softer and denser
as you move down the Group (sodium and potassium do not
follow the trend in density)
• Have shiny silvery surfaces when freshly cu
t• Conduct heat and electricity
• They all have low melting points and low densities
compared to other metals, and the melting point decreases
A picture is worth a
thousand words
Chemical properties of Group I metals

1 2 3 4
The Group |
Group | metals get
They react metals will more reactive
readily with react similarly as you look
oxygen and with water, down the Chemistry is
water vapour reacting group, so only FUN
in air so they vigorously to the first three
are stored produce an metals are
under oil to alkaline metal allowed in
stop them hydroxide schools for
from reacting solution and demonstratio
hydrogen gas ns
Reactions of the Group I metals and water
 Prediction the
properties of
Group I elements
Knowing the reactions
of elements at the top
of the group allows you
to predict the
properties of other
elements further down
Group I
 Properties of other Alkali Metals
(Rabidium,Caesium,and Francium)

As the reactivity of alkali metals

increases down the group, rubidium,
caesium and francium will react more
vigorously with air and water than
lithium, sodium and potassium

Lithium will be the least reactive metal

in the group at the top, and francium
will be the most reactive at the bottom

Francium is rare and radioactive so is

difficult to confirm predictions
The reaction with
water can be
predicted
Group
VII
PROPERTIES
AND TRENDS
 The Halogens
• These are the Group VII non-metals that are
poisonous and include fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
iodine and astatine
• Halogens are diatomic, meaning they form
molecules of two atoms
• The formulae of the halogens are F2, Cl2, Br2,
l2and At2
• All halogens have seven electrons in their outer
shell
• They form halide ions by gaining one more
electron to complete their outer shells
• Fluorine is not allowed in schools so observations
and experiments tend to only involve chlorine,
bromine andiodine
 The Halogens
Properties of the halogens

• At room temperature (20 °C), the physical state of

the halogens changes as you go down the group
• Chlorine is a pale yellow -green gas, bromine is
a red -brown liquid and iodine is a grey-black
solid
This demonstrates that the density of the
halogens increases as you go down the group:
 The Halogens
•Reactivity of Group VII non-metals increases
as you go up the group (this is the opposite
trend to that of Group I)
Each outer shell contains seven electrons and
when the halogen reacts, it will need to gain
one outer electron to get a full outer shell of
electrons
• As you go up Group VII, the number of shells
of electrons decreases (period number
decreases moving up the Periodic Table)
• This means that the outer electrons are
closer to the nucleus so there are stronger
electrostatic forces of attraction, which help
to attract the extra electron needed
• This allows an electron to be attracted more
Predicting Group VII properties

Melting and boiling point Physical states

• The melting and
boiling point of the
The halogens
halogens increases as become denser as
you go down the group you go down the
• Fluorine is at the top group
of Group VIl so will have • Fluorine is at the
the lowest melting and top of Group VIl so
boiling point will be a gas
•Astatine is at the
• Astatine is at the
bottom of Group VII so
will have the highest bottom of Group VII
melting and boiling so will be a solid
Predicting Group VII properties

Colour

• The colour of the halogens

becomes darker as you go down
the group
• Fluorine is at the top of Group VII
so the colour will be lighter, so
fluorine is yellow
• Astatine is at the bottom of Group
VII so the colour will be darker, so
astatine is black
Group VII displacement reaction

A halogen displacement reaction occurs when a more

reactive halogen displaces a less reactive halogen
from an aqueous solution of its halide
There activity of Group VII non-metals increases as you
move up the group
Out of the three commonly used halogens, chlorine,
bromine and iodine, chlorine is the most reactive
and iodine is the least reactive
Halogens displacement reaction

Chlorine and bromine

If you add chlorine solution to colourless potassium bromide
solution,the solution becomes orange as bromine is formed
Chlorine is above bromine in Group VII so is more reactive
Chlorine will therefore displace bromine from an aqueous
solution of the metal bromide
The least reactive halogen always ends up in the elemental form
potassium bromide+ chlorine → potassium chloride + bromine
2KBr(aq) +Cl (aq) →2KCl(aq) +Br (aq)
Halogens displacement reaction

Bromine and iodine

Bromine is above iodine in Group VII so is more reactive
Bromine will therefore displace iodine from an aqueous
solution of metal iodide
The solution will turn brown as iodine is formed
magnesium iodide +bromine → magnesium bromide +
iodine
MgI (aq) +Br (aq) →MgBr (aq) +I (aq)
03
Transition
elements
General properities
⃞
⃞
The transition elements form
They are very hard and coloured compounds and often
strong metals and are have more than one oxidation
good conductors of heat state, such as iron readily

⃞
and electricity forming compounds of both Fe2

⃞
They have very high and Fe3
These coloured compounds are
melting points and are
responsible for the pigments in

⃞
highly dense metals many paints and the colours of
For example, the melting
⃞
gemstones and rocks
point of titanium is Transition elements, as elements
1,688ºC whereas or in compounds, are often used
potassium in Group I melts as catalysts to improve the rate
at only 63.5ºC,slightly or reaction in industrial

⃞
processes
warmer than the average
Transition element catalysts of
cup of hot chocolate! platinum or rhodium are also
used in car exhausts in the
Transition elements oxidation number

The transition
For example. iron Compounds
elements have
either: containing
more than one
• Lose two transition
oxidation number,
electrons to form elements in
as they can lose a
Fe2+ so has an different
different number
oxidation number oxidation states
of electrons,
of +2 will have
depending on the
• Loses three different
chemical
electrons to form properties and
environment they
Fe3+ so has an colours
are in
oxidation number
of + 3
Uses of Transition Elements
The transition elements are used
extensively as catalysts due to
their ability to inter change
between a range of oxidation
states This allows them to form complexes with
reagents which can easily donate and
accept electrons from other chemical
species within a reaction system

They are used in medicine and surgical applications such as

limb and joint replacement (titanium is often used for this as
it can bond with bones due to its high biocompatibility)
They are also used to form coloured
compounds in dyes and paints, stained glass
jewellery
04
Noble
gases
Nobel gases

The noble gases are in Group VIII (or Group O);

they are non-metals and have very low melting
and boiling points
• They are all monoatomic, colourless gases
• The Group O elements all have full outer shells
• This electronic configuration is extremely stable
so these elements are unreactive and are inert
• Electronic configurations of the noble gases:
• He: 2
• Ne: 2,8
• Ar: 2,8,8
• Kr: 2,8,18,8
• Xe: 2,8,18,18,8