Periodic Table
Periodic Table
grade
Chemistry
The periodic table
• There are over 100 chemical elements which have been
isolated and identified
• Each element has one proton more than the element
preceding it
• This is done so that elements end up in columns with other
elements which have similar properties
• Elements are arranged on the periodic table in order of
increasing atomic number
• The table is arranged in vertical columns called groups and in
rows called periods
• Period: These are the horizontal rows that show the number of
shells of electrons an atom has and are numbered from 1 – 7
• E.g. elements in period 2 have two electron shells, elements in
period 3 have three electron shells
The periodic table
• Group: These are the vertical columns that show how many outer
electrons (also known as valency electrons) each atom has and are
numbered from I - VIl, with a final group called Group O (instead of
Group VIII)
• E.g. Group IV elements have atoms with 4 electrons in the
outermost shell, Group VI elements have atoms with 6 electrons in
the outermost shell and so on
• The group number can help determine the charge that metal and
non-metal ions form
• For metals, the group number corresponds to the number of
electrons it will lose to achieve a full outer shell and the charge of
the metal ion
• E.g. sodium is in Group I, it will lose 1 electron and form an ion
with a 1+ charge
• Magnesium is in Group Il, it will lose 2 electrons and form an ion
with a 2+ charge
Periodic table
1 2
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Ci Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fi Mc Lv Ts Og
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
• Valency (or combining power) tells
Valency
you how many bonds an atom can
make with another atom or how many
electrons its atoms lose, gain or share,
to form a compound
• E.g. carbon has a valancy of 4 as it is
in Group IV so a single carbon atom
can share 4 electrons to make 4 single
bonds or 2 double bonds
• The following valencies apply to
elements in each group:
The Metallic character of Elements
• The metallic character of the elements
decreases as you move across a Period on the
Periodic Table, from left to right, and it
increases as you move down a Group
• This trend occurs due to atoms more readily
accepting electrons to fill their valence shells
rather than losing them to have the previous,
already full, electron shell as their outer shell
• Metals occur on the left -hand side of the
Periodic Table and non-metals on the right-
hand side
• Between the metals and the non-metals lie
the elements which display some properties of
both
Properties of metals and non-metals
Periodic trends and electronic configuratiom
• The electronic configuration is the arrangement
of electrons into shells for ar atom (e.g: the
electronic configuration of carbon is 2,4)
• There is a link between the electronic
configuration of the elements and their position on
the Periodic Table
• The number of notations in the electronic
configuration will show the number of occupied
shells of electrons the atom has, showing the
period
• The last notation shows the number of outer
electrons the atom has, showing the group number
Example: Electronic configuration of chlorine:
Periodic trends and electronic configuratiom
01 02 03
Boiling point Melting point Density
04
Reactivity
Some common properties/trends
include:
1 2 3
Transition
Group | elements
Noble gases are elements are
react very quickly
unreactive denser than Group I
with water
elements
4 5 6
In this way the Periodic
Reactivity Melting point
Table can be used to
decreases going decreases going
predict how a particular
down Group VII down Group I
element will behave
Identify trends
1 2 3 4
The Group |
Group | metals get
They react metals will more reactive
readily with react similarly as you look
oxygen and with water, down the Chemistry is
water vapour reacting group, so only FUN
in air so they vigorously to the first three
are stored produce an metals are
under oil to alkaline metal allowed in
stop them hydroxide schools for
from reacting solution and demonstratio
hydrogen gas ns
Reactions of the Group I metals and water
Prediction the
properties of
Group I elements
Knowing the reactions
of elements at the top
of the group allows you
to predict the
properties of other
elements further down
Group I
Properties of other Alkali Metals
(Rabidium,Caesium,and Francium)
Colour
⃞
and electricity forming compounds of both Fe2
⃞
They have very high and Fe3
These coloured compounds are
melting points and are
responsible for the pigments in
⃞
highly dense metals many paints and the colours of
For example, the melting
⃞
gemstones and rocks
point of titanium is Transition elements, as elements
1,688ºC whereas or in compounds, are often used
potassium in Group I melts as catalysts to improve the rate
at only 63.5ºC,slightly or reaction in industrial
⃞
processes
warmer than the average
Transition element catalysts of
cup of hot chocolate! platinum or rhodium are also
used in car exhausts in the
Transition elements oxidation number
The transition
For example. iron Compounds
elements have
either: containing
more than one
• Lose two transition
oxidation number,
electrons to form elements in
as they can lose a
Fe2+ so has an different
different number
oxidation number oxidation states
of electrons,
of +2 will have
depending on the
• Loses three different
chemical
electrons to form properties and
environment they
Fe3+ so has an colours
are in
oxidation number
of + 3
Uses of Transition Elements
The transition elements are used
extensively as catalysts due to
their ability to inter change
between a range of oxidation
states This allows them to form complexes with
reagents which can easily donate and
accept electrons from other chemical
species within a reaction system