University of Computer Studies, Pyay

CHAPTER 5
STRINGS

Daw Aye Aye Theint

Lecturer
ITSM

1
Strings
$myString = ‘hello’; [OR] $myString = “hello”;
For example:

<?php Output:
Hello World!
$myString = ‘world’; Hello, $myString!
echo “Hello” . “<br>”;
echo "Hello, $myString! <br/>";
echo 'Hello, $myString! <br/>';
?>

2
Common escape sequences

Sequence Meaning
\\ A backslash
\$ A $ symbol
\” A double quote

Output: Syntax:
There is a “big dog” at the background. echo "There is a \"big
dog\" at the background.";

3
Working with Character Strings
 characters : letters, numbers, and punctuation
 a character string : a series of characters.
 When a number is used as a character,
 it is just a stored character, the same as a letter. (09 434456787)
 can’t be used in arithmetic. (Not- 3+5)
When a character string store in a variable, double quotes or single quotes are used.

4
 Working with Character Strings
<?php
$number = 10;
$string1 ="There are '$number' people in line.";
Output:
$string2 ='There are "$number" people waiting.'; There are ‘10’ people in line.
echo $string1."<br/>"; There are “$number” people waiting.
echo $string2;
?>

5
Accessing Characters within a String
$myString = “Hello, world!”;

echo $myString[0] . “ <br /> ”; // Displays ‘H’

echo $myString[7] . “ <br /> ”; // Displays ‘w’

$myString[12] = ‘?’;
echo $myString . “ <br /> ”; // Displays ‘Hello, world?’

6
Manipulating strings
PHP provides many built-in functions for manipulating strings.
trim() removes white space from the beginning and end of a string
ltrim() removes white space only from the beginning of a string
rtrim() removes white space only from the end of a string
For example:

<?php Output:
$myString = " What a lot of space! "; |What a lot of space!|
echo "|".trim($myString)."|<br/>"; |What a lot of space! |
echo "|".ltrim($myString)."|<br/>"; | What a lot of space!|
echo "|".rtrim($myString)."|<br/>";
?>
7
str_repeat() and str_replace()
(1) str_repeat() function (2) str_replace () function

Function format : str_repeat(“str”,n) Function format : str_replace(“a”, “b”, “str”)

Example: Example:
<?php <?php
$x=str_repeat(“x”,5); $a= “abc abc”;
echo $x; $s=str_replace(“b”, “i”,$a); echo $s;
?> // $x=xxxxx ?> // $s=aic aic

8
strchr() and stristr()
(3) strchr() function (4) stristr() function

Function format : strchr(“string”, “char”) Function format : stristr(“string”, “char”)

Example: Example:
<?php
<?php
$str= “aBc abc”;
$str= “aBc abc”;
$sub=stristr($str, “b”);
$sub=strchr($str, “b”);
echo $sub;
echo $sub;
?> // $sub=Bc abc
?> // $sub=bc

9
strlen() and strpos()
(5) strlen() function (6) strpos() function

Function format : strlen(“string”) Function format : strpos(“string”, “substr”)

Example: Example:
<?php <?php
$n = strlen(“hello”); $str= “hello”;
echo $n; $n=strpos($str, “ll”);
?> // $n=5 echo $n;
?> // $n=2

10
strrchr() and strrev()
(7) strrchr() function (8) strrev() function

Function format : strrchr(“string”, “char”) Function format : strrev(“string”)

Example: Example:
<?php <?php
$str = “abc abc” ; $n=strrev(“abcde”);
$sub = strrchr($str, “b”); echo $n;
echo $sub; ?> // $n=edcba
?> // $sub=bc

11
strrpos() and strtolower()
(9) strrpos() function (10) strtolower() function

Function format : strrpos(“string”, Function format : strtolower(“string”)

“substr”) Example:
Example: <?php
<?php $str= strtolower(“YES”);
$str = “abc abc” ; echo $str;
$n = strrpos($str, “bc”); ?> // $str=yes
echo $n;
?> // $n=5

12
strtoupper() and strtr()
(11) strtoupper() function (12) strtr() function
Function format : strtr(“string”, “str1”, “str2”)
Function format : strtoupper(“string”) Example:
Example: <?php
<?php $str= “aa bb cc”;
$str = strtoupper(“yes”); $new=strtr($str, “bb” , “xx”);
echo $str; echo $new;
?> // $str=YES ?> // $new=aa xx cc

13
substr() and substr_count()
(13) substr() function (14) substr_count() function

Function format : substr(“string”, n1 , n2) Function format : substr_count(“str”, “sub”)

Example: Example:
<?php <?php
$sstr = substr(“hello”, 2,4); $str= “abc ab abc”;
echo $sstr; $s= “bc” ;
?> // $sstr=llo $n= substr_count($str, $s);
echo $n;
?> // $n=2

14
substr_replace() and strpbrk()
(15) substr_replace() function (16) strpbrk() function

Function format : substr_replace(“s”, “r”, Function format : strpbrk(“string”, “str”)

n , l) Example:
s=string,r=replace,n=index,l=length <?php
Example: $myString= “Hello, world!”;
<?php echo strpbrk($myString, “abcdef”);
$s= “abc abc”; // display ‘ello, world!’
$t = substr_replace($s,“x”, 2,3); echo strpbrk($myString, “xyz”);
echo $t; // display (false)
?> // $t=abxbc ?>

15
ucfirst() and ucwords()
(17) ucfirst() function (18) ucwords() function

Function format : ucfirst(“string”)

Function format : ucwords(“string”)
Example:
Example:
<?php
$str= “a B c”; <?php
$str2= ucfirst($str); $str= “aa Bb cc”;
echo $str2; $str2= ucwords($str);
?> // $str2=A B c echo $str2;
?> // $str2=Aa Bb Cc

16
Formatting output strings
The output produced by PHP is always in string format.
<?php
$number = 4; Eg
echo “Sally has $number children.”; <?php
?> //The output is : Sally has 4 children. printf("%d times %d is %d.<br>",2,3,2*3);
?>

Formatting the output is an important part of scripting.

General - Purpose Formatting with printf().
General format:
printf(“format”,$varname1,$varname2,. . .);

17
Padding the Output
Padding Strings with str_ pad()

<?php Output:
echo str_pad("Hello, world!",20)."<br>"; Hello, world!
echo str_pad("Hello, world!",20,"*")."<br/>"; Hello, world!*******
echo str_pad("Hello, world!",20,"123")."<br/>"; Hello, world!1231231
?>

18
Working with Dates and Times
Dates and times can be important elements in a script.
The computer stores dates and times in a format called a timestamp, which is expressed entirely
in seconds.
PHP converts dates from your notation into a timestamp the computer understands and from a
timestamp into a format that is familiar to people.
Formatting dates

$mydate = date(“format”,$timestamp);
The timestamp format is a UNIX Timestamp, an integer that is the number of seconds from
January 1, 1970 00:00:00 GMT(Greenwich Mean Time) to the time represented by the
timestamp.

19
Working with Dates and Times
Example:

$today = date(“Y/m/d”);
If today is April 26, 2018, this statement returns: 2018/04/26
$todayMO = date("m");
$todayDay= date("d");
$startYr = date("Y");

20
Working with Dates and Times

Table 5-4 from Page 93 of PHP 5 for

Dummies

21
Working with Dates and Times
Storing a timestamp in a variable
$today = time(); // timestamp with the current date and time
$today = strtotime(“today”); //today’s timestamp

store a specific date and time as a timestamp

The format is:
$importantDate = mktime(h,m,s,m,d,y);

Example:

$importantDate = mktime(0,0,0,1,15,2003);

22
Working with Dates and Times
strtotime recognizes the words and abbreviations in a variety of ways.
Example:

$d = strtotime(“tomorrow”); #24 hours from now

$d = strtotime(“now + 24 hours”);
$d = strtotime(“last saturday”);
$d = strtotime(“8pm + 3 days”);
$d = strtotime(“2 weeks ago”); # at current time
$d = strtotime(“next year gmt”); #1 year from now
$d = strtotime(“tomorrow 4am”);

23
Working with Dates and Times
<!DOCTYPE html> echo date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d) . "<br>";

<html>

<body> $d=strtotime("+3 Months");

<?php echo date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d) . "<br>";

$d=strtotime("tomorrow"); ?>

echo date("Y-m-d h:i:sa", $d) . "<br>";

</body>

$d=strtotime("next Saturday"); </html>

24
University of Computer Studies, Pyay

CHAPTER 6
ARRAYS

Daw Aye Aye Theint

Lecturer
ITSM

25
Outlines
Building arrays
 Assigning values to arrays
 Sorting arrays
 Using values in arrays
 Building multidimensional arrays

26
Arrays
Arrays are complex variables that store a group of values under a single variable name.
An array is useful for storing a group of related values.
Information in an array can be handled, accessed, and modified easily.

There are three kind of arrays:

1. Numeric array - An array with a numeric index

2. Associative array - An array where each ID key is associated with a value
3. Multidimensional array - An array containing one or more arrays

27
Creating Arrays
1. Numeric array
<?php>
0 1 2
$names[0] = "Mg Mg"; name Mg Mg Ma Ma Mi Mi
$names[1] = "Ma Ma"; s
$names[2] = "Mi Mi";
echo $names[1]." and ".$names[2]." are ".$names[0]." 's neighbours";
?>

<?php>
$names =array(“Mg Mg”,”Ma Ma”,”Mi Mi”);
?> Output:
Ma Ma and Mi Mi are Mg Mg’s neighbours

28
Creating Arrays
2. Associated Array
An associative array is indexed with strings between the square brackets rather than numbers.
Whereas numerical arrays are indexed numerically, associative arrays are indexed using
names.
An array can be viewed as a list of key/value pairs, stored as follows:
$arrayname[‘key1’] = value1;
$arrayname[‘key2’] = value2;
$arrayname[‘key3’] = value3;
The key is also referred to as the index.
 This associative array is useful in Database.
29
 Creating Arrays <?php>
$myBook[“title”] = “TheGrapes of Warth";
For example, $myBook[“author”] = “John Steinbeck";
$myBook[“pubYear”] = 1939;
$myBook = array( “title” => “The Grapes of Wrath”,
?>
“author” => “John Steinbeck”,
“pubYear” => 1939);
echo "Title is ".$myBook["title"]."<br>"."Author is ".
$myBook["author"]."<br>"."Publish Year is ".$myBook["pubYear"];

titl auth pubYe key

myBook or ar
e

The Grapes John 1939

value
of Warth Stenbeck

30
Creating Arrays
 Create an array with a range of values by using the Output(Example1):
following statement: $years[0] = 2001
$years[1] = 2002
 Example1:
...
$years = range(2001, 2010); $years[8] = 2009
$years[9] = 2010
 print_r ($years);
Output(Example2):
$reverse_letters[0]=z
 Example2: $reverse_letters[1]=y
...
$reverse_letters= range(“z”, “a”); $reverse_letters[24]=b
print_r ($reverse_letters); $reverse_letters[25]=a
31
Example
<?php
$address['name'] = "Peter"; Output:
$address['occupation'] = "actor"; Peter is 30 years old.
$address['age'] = "30"; name: Peter
echo $address["name"] . " is " . $address["age"] . " years old.<br>"; occupation: actor
foreach($address as $key=>$value) age: 30
{
echo "<b>$key:</b> $value<br/>";
}
?>
32
Example
<html>
Output:
<body>
Peter is 35 years old.
<?php
$age=array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
echo "Peter is " . $age['Peter'] . " years old.";
?>
</body>
</html>

33
Example
<html> Output:
Key=Peter, Value=35
<body>
Key=Ben, Value=37
<?php Key=Joe, Value=43

$age=array("Peter"=>"35","Ben"=>"37","Joe"=>"43");
foreach($age as $k => $value){
echo "Key=" . $k . ", Value=" . $value;
echo "<br/>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
34
Outputting an Entire Array with print_r()
Can see the structure and values of any array by using one of two statements : var_dump or
print_r.
To display the $customers array: print_r($customers);
This print_r statement provides the following output:

Array ( [1] => Sam [2] => Sue [3] => Mary )
This above output shows the key and the value for each element in the array.

35
Outputting an Entire Array with var_dump()
To get more information, use the following statement:
var_dump($customers); array(3) {
[1]=>string(3) “Sam”
[2]=>string(3) “Sue”
[3]=>string(4) “Mary”
}

36
 Working with Multidimensional Arrays
Multidimensional Arrays
 In a multidimensional array, each element in the main array can also be an array.
 And each element in the sub-array can be an array, and so on.

Griffin
<?php Peter Lois Megan
$families = array (
array("Peter","Lois","Megan"), Quagmire
array("Glenn"), Glenn
array("Cleveland","Loretta","Junior") Brown
); CleveLa Loretta Junior
echo $families[0][0]; //Output-Peter nd
?>

37
 Working with Multidimensional Arrays
Multidimensional Arrays

Griffin
Peter Lois Megan
<?php
$families = array("Griffin" => array("Peter","Lois","Megan"), Quagmire
"Quagmire" => array("Glenn"), Glenn
"Brown" => array("Cleveland","Loretta","Junior")
); Brown
echo $families['Griffin'][0]; //Output-Peter CleveLa Loretta Junior
nd
?>

38
Modifying Arrays
array_push($arraya, $d);

<?php Output:
$arraya = array(“a”,”b”,”c”); Array ( [0] => a [1] => b [2] => c )
print_r($arraya);
echo("<br>") ; Array ( [0] => a [1] => b [2] => c [3] => d )
foreach($arraya as $key=>$value)
{ if($value == 'b')
{ $d = 'd';
array_push($arraya, $d); //value d is inserted in arraya
print_r($arraya);
}
}
?>
39
Removing values from arrays
unset($my_array[1]);
Output:
Example1:
Element 1
<?php Element 2
$my_array = array("Element 1", "Element 2", "Element 3"); Element 3
foreach ($my_array as $name)
{
echo "$name<br>";
}
unset($my_array[0]);
foreach ($my_array as $name)
{ Output:
echo "$name<br>"; Element 2
} Element 3
?>

40
Removing values from arrays
Example2:
<?php Output:
$colors = array ( "red", "green", "blue", "pink", "yellow"); red
$colors[2] = ""; green
foreach($colors as $res) pink
echo($res ."<br>"); yellow
unset($colors[3]);
Output
foreach($colors as $res) red
echo($res ."<br>"); green
?>
yellow

41
PHP Sorting Arrays
The elements in an array can be sorted in alphabetical or numerical order, descending or
ascending.
PHP - Sort functions for arrays

1.sort() - sort arrays in ascending order

2.rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
3.asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the value
4.ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key
5.arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the value
6.krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the key

42
Sorting Arrays
Sort Array in Ascending Order - sort( )
The following example sorts the elements of the $fruits array in ascending alphabetical order:
Syntax: sort($arraryName);
Example1: Output:
<?php apple
$fruits = array("lemon", "orange", "banana", "apple"); banana
sort($fruits); lemon
foreach ($fruits as $key => $val) orange
{
echo $val."<br/>";
}
?>

43
Sorting Arrays
Example2:
Output:
<?php Austin
$capitals['CA'] = "Sacramento"; Sacramento
Salem
$capitals['TX'] = "Austin";
$capitals['OR'] = "Salem";
asort($capitals) ;
foreach($capitals as $ans=>$value)
echo $value."<br/>";
?>
44
 Output:

Volvo
Sorting Arrays Toyota
BMW
 Example3:
<html><body>
<?php
$cars=array("BMW","Volvo","Toyota");
rsort($cars);
$clength=count($cars);
for($x=0;$x<$clength;$x++)
{
echo $cars[$x];
echo "<br/>";
}
?>
</body></html> (or)

45
Adding and Removing Array Elements
array_unshift() -Adds one or more new elements to the start of an array
array_shift() -Removes the first element from the start of an array
array_push() -Adds one or more new elements to the end of an array
array_pop() -Removes the last element from the end of an array
array_splice() -Removes element(s) from and/or adds element(s) to any point in an array
can’t add key/value pairs to associative arrays using array_unshift() (or its counterpart,
array_pop() ).
can work around this by using array_merge() .

46
array_shift()
<html>
<body>
<?php
$myBook = array("title" => "The Grapes of Wrath",
"author" => "John Steinbeck",
"pubYear" => 1939);
echo array_shift( $myBook )."<br/>";
print_r( $myBook );
?> Output:
</body> The Grapes of Wrath
</html> Array ( [author] => John Steinbeck [pubYear] => 1939 )

47
array_push()
<html>
<body>
<?php
$authors = array("Steinbeck","Kafka","Tolkien","Dickens");
echo array_push($authors,"Hardy","Melville")."<br/>";
print_r($authors);
?> Output:
6
</body>
Array ( [0] => Steinbeck [1] => Kafka [2] => Tolkien [3] =>
</html> Dickens [4] => Hardy [5] => Melville )

48
Turning the original array into a
multidimensional array using array_push()
Output:
Example: 5
<html>
Array
<body> (
<?php [0] => Steinbeck
$authors = array("Steinbeck","Kafka","Tolkien","Dickens"); [1] => Kafka
$newAuthors = array("Hardy","Melville"); [2] => Tolkien
echo array_push( $authors, $newAuthors )."<br/>"; [3] => Dickens
[4] => Array
echo "<pre>"; (
[0] => Hardy
print_r($authors);
[1] => Melville
echo "</pre>"; )
?> )
</body>
</html>

49
array_pop()
<html>
<body>
<?php
$myBook = array("title" => "The Grapes of Wrath",
"author" => "John Steinbeck",
"pubYear" => 1939);
echo array_pop($myBook). "<br/>";

print_r($myBook);
?> Output:
</body> 1939
</html> Array ( [title] => The Grapes of Wrath [author] => John Steinbeck )

50
array_splice()
print_r( array_splice( $authors, 2, 0, $arrayToAdd ) );
- “At the third position (2), remove zero (0) elements, then insert $arrayToAdd”.

print_r( array_splice( $authors, 0, 2, $arrayToAdd ) );

- This code removes two elements from the start of the array (position 0), then inserts the
contents of $arrayToAdd at position 0.

print_r( array_splice( $authors, 1 ) );

- This code removes all the elements from the second position in the array (position 1) to the
end of the array.
51
 array_splice()
<html>
<body>
<?php
$authors = array("Steinbeck", "Kafka", "John", "Peter");
$moreAuthors = "Milton";
array_splice($authors, 2, 0, $moreAuthors);
print_r($authors);
echo "<br>";

$moreAuthors = "Steven";
array_splice($authors, 0, 2,$moreAuthors);
print_r($authors);
echo "<br>"; Output:
Array ( [0] => Steinbeck [1] => Kafka [2] => Milton [3] => John [4] => Peter )
array_splice($authors, 1); Array ( [0] => Steven [1] => Milton [2] => John [3] => Peter )
print_r($authors); Array ( [0] => Steven )
?>
</body>
</html> 52
Merging Arrays Together
array_merge() joins the array elements of the arrays together to produce the final array.
This contrasts with array_push(), array_unshift(), and the square bracket syntax, which all
insert array arguments as - is to produce multidimensional arrays.

<html> Output:
<body> Array ( [0] => Steinbeck [1] => Kafka [2] => Tolkien [3] => Milton )
<?php
$authors = array("Steinbeck","Kafka");
$moreAuthors = array("Tolkien","Milton");
print_r(array_merge($authors,$moreAuthors));
?>
</body>
</html>
53
Converting Between Arrays and Strings
Converting String to Array: explode()
Example 1:

<html>
<body>
<?php
$fruitString= "apple,pear,banana,strawberry,peach";
$fruitArray = explode(",", $fruitString);
print_r($fruitArray);
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:
Array ( [0] => apple [1] => pear [2] => banana [3] => strawberry [4] =>
peach ) 54
Converting Between Arrays and Strings
Example 2:

<html>
<body>
<?php
$fruitString ="apple,pear,banana,strawberry,peach";
$fruitArray = explode(",",$fruitString,3);
print_r($fruitArray);
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:
Array ( [0] => apple [1] => pear [2] => banana,strawberry,peach )

55
Converting Between Arrays and Strings
Converting Array to String: implode()
Example:
Output:
apple,pear,banana,strawberry,peach
<html>
<body>
<?php
$fruitArray = array("apple","pear","banana","strawberry","peach");
$fruitString = implode(",", $fruitArray );
echo $fruitString;
?>
</body>
</html>

56
Converting an Array to a List of Variables
$myBook = array( “The Grapes of Wrath”, “John Steinbeck”, 1939 );

list( $title, $author, $pubYear ) = $myBook;

Output:
<html> The Grapes of Wrath
<body> John Steinbeck
<?php 1939
$myBook = array("The Grapes of Wrath","John Steinbeck",1939);
list($title,$author,$pubYear)=$myBook;
echo $title."<br/>";
echo $author."<br/>";
echo $pubYear."<br/>";
?>
</body>
</html>

57
University of Computer Studies, Pyay

CHAPTER 7
FUNCTIONS

Daw Aye Aye Theint

Lecturer
ITSM

58
Outlines
Calling Functions
PHP Function
Understanding Variable Scope (Example)
Working with Global Variables(Example)
 Working without References(Example)
Passing References to Your Own Functions(Example)

59
Calling Functions
 PHP’s built-in Functions

<?php Output:
The square root of 9 is: 3
echo "The square root of 9 is: ".sqrt(9)."<br/>";
?>

Working with Variable Functions

Output:
<?php The square root of 9 is: 3
$squareRoot = "sqrt";
echo "The square root of 9 is: ".$squareRoot(9).".<br/>";
?>
60
 Formula (degree to radium) (Degree ×
π/180°)
Eg. sin (30° × π/180°)

Example
<?php
Output:
$trigFunctions = array("sin","cos","tan"); sin(30) =0.5
cos(30) =0.866025403784
$degrees = 30; tan(30) =0.57735026919
foreach($trigFunctions as $trigFunction)
{
echo "$trigFunction($degrees) =".$trigFunction(deg2rad($degrees))."<br/>";
}
?>

61
PHP Function
Function with no Parameter Function with Parameter
function function_name() function function_name($num)
{ {
block of statements block of statements
function_name(); function_name(5);
} }
Function with no Parameter (Eg)
<?php Function with Parameter
<?php
function myMessage() { function familyName($fname) {
echo "Hello world!"; echo "$fname<br>";
}
} familyName("Jani");
myMessage(); ?>
?> 62
PHP Function
Function with return
function function_name()
{
block of statements
return value;
}

Function Call:
$return_value=function_name()

63
 Function with Default Parameters(Eg)
function doIt($num=5)
{
PHP Function echo $num;
}
Function with Default Parameters
doIt();
function function_name($num=5”)
{ Function with Default Parameters(Eg)
block of statements function doIt($num=5)
} {
echo $num;
Function Call: }
function_name() doIt();

64
Understanding Variable Scope (Example)
<?php
$name=“Ma Ma”; Global Variable(Outside the
function)
function helloWithVariables(){
$hello = "Hello, ";
Local Variable(Inside the
$world = "world!"; function)

return $hello . $world;

} Output:
Hello, world!
echo helloWithVariables(); //function call
?>
65
Working with Global Variables(Example)
<?php <?php
$var=20; $var=20;
function funA(){ function funA()
$var=10; {
echo $var; echo $var;
} }
funA(); funA();
?> ?>

66
Working with Global Variables(Example)
<?php
$var=20;
function funA(){
global $var;
echo $var;
}
funA();
?>

67
Working with Global Variables(Example)
<?php Output:
function setup() { Hello there!
global $myGlobal;
$myGlobal = "Hello there!";
}
function hello() {
global $myGlobal;
echo "$myGlobal <br/>";
}
setup();
hello();
?>

68
Working without References(Example)
<?php
function resetCounter( $c ) { Output:
$c = 0; 3
} 3
$counter = 0; resetCounter
$counter++; 001
$counter++; $c
$counter++; $counter 3
0
3
echo "$counter<br/>";
resetCounter($counter); 002
echo "$counter<br/>";
?>

69
Passing References(Example)
<?php Output:
function resetCounter(& $c){ 3
$c = 0; 0
resetCounter
}
001
$counter = 0; & $c
$counter++; $counter 0
3
$counter++; 001
$counter++;
3
0
echo "$counter<br/>";
resetCounter( $counter );
echo "$counter<br/>";
?>

70
Different between Pass by Value
and Pass by Reference

71
Thank You

72