Bending of Beams

SIMPLE BEAMS
A beam is defined as the structural member which is used to bear

different loads.
A beam is a horizontal structural member that supports a vertical load.
Its length is much larger than its cross-sectional area.
It resists the vertical loads, shear forces and bending moments
For a typical beam, the slenderness ratio SR, defined as the ratio of
length l to the cross-sectional area A (SR=l/A) can be 20 or more
(SR=l/A)>20). A beam cross-section can be rectangular, circular, annular
or it can be a rolled I-section or a built-up section.
Features of a beam
For a typical beam, the slenderness ratio SR, defined as the ratio of
length l to the cross-sectional area A (SR=l/A) can be 20 or more
(SR=l/A)>20).
A beam cross-section can be rectangular, circular, annular or it can be a
rolled I-section or a built-up section.
Simple beams are determinate structures. In contrast, a continuous
beam on more than two supports is an indeterminate structure.
Beams are usually long, straight prismatic members, as shown in the
photo on the previous page. Steel and aluminum beams play an
important part in both structural and mechanical engineering. Timber
beams are widely used in home construction (Photo 5.1).
In most cases, the loads are perpendicular to the axis of the beam. Such
a transverse loading causes only bending and shear in the beam. When
the loads are not at a right angle to the beam, they also produce axial
forces in the beam.
Types of beams
Analysis for Internal Forces
A beam resists an external load by inducing internal forces. The
external load can be a point load (P), a distributed load (p) or an
applied moment as shown below. The loads (P and p) must be applied
along the y-coordinate and are positive when directed along the
positive axis. The Moment Mo is positive when its line of action is along
the z-axis and it is shown by a counterclockwise arrow. The external
moment mo can also be distributed over a portion of the beam span.
Materials for Fabrication of
Beams
Beams are fabricated of steel, aluminium, concrete, wood and
composite materials. They are used in building, bridges, aircraft,
machinery, and other types of structures. A simple beam rests on two
or fewer supports. A lintel placed across the space between two
columns is an example of a simple beam. A cantilever projecting out of
a single supporting wall is an example of a simple beam.
Definition - Pure bending (Simple
bending)
When a portion of a beam id free from shear force and is subjected to

only bending moment, it is said to be pure bending ( or simple bending)
Transverse Loading
Transverse loading is a load applied vertically to the plane of the longitudinal axis of a
configuration, such as a wind load. It causes the material to bend and rebound from
its original position, with inner tensile and compressive straining associated with the
change in curvature of the material.
Transverse loading refers to a type of loading on a structural element, such as a beam,
where the load is applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the element.
This type of loading can cause bending and shear stresses within the material, and it
is an important consideration in the design and analysis of structures.
Transverse loading can have significant effects on the behavior and strength of
structural elements, and engineers and designers must account for it in their
calculations and designs.
Generally beams are subjected to vertical loads and sometimes to axial thrust. Apart
from them a beam may be required to withstand horizontal forces also like wind
loads and seismic forces and at times water pressure in tank which can be termed as
transverse forces in contrast to to vertical loads and axial thrust.
Bending equation Derivation
Flexure Theory
Bending theory, also known as flexure theory, is defined as the axial
deformation of the beam due to external load that is applied
perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis.
This theory finds application in applied mechanics
For a material, flexure strength is defined as the stress that is obtained
from the yield just before the flexure test.
It represents the highest stress that is experienced within the material
at the moment of its yield.
Assumption in theory of simple
bending
• The beam material is homogeneous and isotropic (Isotropic – same
elastic properties in all directions)
• Beam has uniform cross section throughout its length
• The beam is stressed within its elastic limit
• The Young’s Modulus is same in both tension and compression
• The loads are applied before bending
Assumption in theory of simple
bending
• Stress concentrations are neglected
• Radius of curvature (R) of bending is very large as compared to cross-
sectional dimensions
• Apart from bending, all other deformations are neglected
• There is no resultant thrust on the cross-section of the beam
Bending Moment and shear force
diagram
Analysis for Internal Forces
Calculate and draw the shear and
moment diagrams
Calculate and draw the shear and moment diagrams

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SIMPLE BEAMS

A beam is defined as the structural member which is used to bear

When a portion of a beam id free from shear force and is subjected to

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