Chapter 2 : Introduction to Assembly

Programming The Intel 8086 ISA

Instruction Set Architecture
 Next ...
 Types of instructions
 Arithmetic instructions
 Shift and Rotation instructions
 Boolean Instructions
 Branching Instructions
 Unconditional Jump Instructions
 Conditional Jump Instructions
 Translating Conditional Structures

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 Shift instructions

• There are logical shifts (unsigned operations) and

• Arithmetic shifts (signed operations)

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 Logical Shift instructions (1)
SHL ; Shift Left instruction
 SHL R,imm 0
 SHL addr,imm CF
 SHL R,CL
 SHL addr,CL
 second operand can be
 a constant Cste (immediate) or
 the CL register:
Example:
mov al,00000001b ;al = 1
shl al,1 ;al=00000010b = 2 carry = 0
shl al,1 ;al=00000100b = 4 carry = 0
shl al,1 ;al=00001000b = 8 carry = 0
The last bit shifted out from the left becomes the Carry Flag
Shifting left 1 bit multiplies a number by 2
 Shifting left n bits multiplies the operand by 2n (fast multiplication)

 Example : 5 * 4 = 5 * 22 = 20
MOV DL,5 ; DL = 00000101b 4
 Logical Shift instructions(3)
SHR ; Shift Right instruction
 SHR R,imm
 SHR R,cl 0
CF

Example:
mov al,00000100b ;al =00000100b = 4
shr al,1 ;al=00000010b = 2 carry = 0
shr al,1 ;al=00000001b = 1 carry = 0
shr al,1 ;al=00000000b = 0 carry = 1
 Performs a logical right shift on the destination operand
 The last bit shifted out from the right becomes the Carry Flag
 Shifting right n bits divides the operand by 2n (fast division)

 Example : (80 / 8) = (80 / 23 )= 10

MOV DL, 80 ; DL = 01010000b = 80
SHR DL, 1 ; DL = 00101000b = 40, CF = 0
SHR DL, 2 ; DL = 00001010b = 10, CF = 0
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 Arithmetic Shift instructions
SAL : Shift Arithmetic Left is identical to SHL

SAR ; Shift Arithmetic Right

 Performs a right arithmetic shift on the destination operand
 Fills the newly created bit position with a copy of the sign bit
 SAR preserves the number's sign
CF

 Example
MOV DL,-80 ; DL = 10110000b
SAR DL,1 ; DL = 11011000b = -40, CF = 0
SAR DL,2 ; DL = 11110110b = -10, CF = 0

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 Rotation instructions
ROL ; Rotate Left instruction
 Rotates each bit to the left, according to the count operand
 Highest bit is copied into the Carry Flag and into the Lowest Bit
 No bits are lost
 Example CF

MOV AL,11110000b
ROL AL,1 ; AL = 11100001b , CF = 1
MOV DL,3Fh ; DL = 00111111b
ROL DL,4 ; DL = 11110011b = F3h , CF = 1

ROR ; Rotate Right instruction

 Rotates each bit to the right, according to the count operand
 Lowest bit is copied into the Carry flag and into the highest bit
 No bits are lost
 Example CF

MOV AL,11110000b
ROR AL, 1 ; AL = 01111000b, CF = 0
MOV DL, 3Fh ; DL = 00111111b
ROR DL, 4 ; DL = F3h, CF = 1 9
 Next ...
 Types of instructions
 Arithmetic instructions
 Shift and Rotation instructions
 Boolean Instructions
 Branching Instructions
 Unconditional Jump Instructions
 Conditional Jump Instructions
 Translating Conditional Structures

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 Boolean Instructions (1)
AND destination, source ; Bitwise AND between each pair of matching bits
Following operand combinations are allowed
AND R, R  We use the following abbreviations:
AND R, Adr INST: Instruction, Off: Offset address
R: any Register, Cste: given (Constant)
AND R, Cste SR: Segment Register disp: Displacement (Constant)
AND Adr, R OR: Offset Register Op: Operand
Adr: Address SO: Source Operand
AND Adr, Cste [Adr]: Memory content DO: Destination Operand
Operands can be 8 or 16 bits and they must be of the same size AND
AND instruction is often used to clear selected bits

00111011
AND 00001111
cleared 00001011 unchanged

 Forcing a bit at 0 without changing the other bits

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 Boolean Instructions (2)
OR destination, source ; Bitwise OR between each pair of matching bits
Following operand combinations are allowed
OR R, R
OR R, Adr OR
OR R, Cste
OR Adr, R
OR Adr, Cste
Operands can be 8 or 16 bits and they must be of the same size
OR instruction is often used to set selected bits
00111011
OR 11110000
set 11111011 unchanged

 Forcing a bit at 1 without changing the other bits

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 Boolean Instructions (4)
XOR destination, source ; Bitwise XOR between each pair of matching bits
Following operand combinations are allowed
XOR R, R
XOR R, Adr
XOR R, Cste XOR
XOR Cste, R
XOR Cste, Cste
Operands can be 8 or 16 bits and they must be of the same size
XOR instruction is often used to invert selected bits

00111011
XOR 11110000
inverted 11001011 unchanged

 Inversing a bit without changing the other bits

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 Boolean Instructions (5)
NOT destination ; Inverts all the bits in a destination operand
 Result is called the 1's complement NOT 00111011

 Destination can be a register or memory 11000100 inverted

NOT R
NOT Adr

 None of the Flags is affected by the NOT instruction

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 Converting Characters to Uppercase
 Converting Characters to Uppercase

87654321
--------------------------
'a‘ = 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
'A‘ = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

'b' = 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
'B' = 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

'c' = 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
'C' = 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

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 Converting Characters to Lowercase
 Converting Characters to Lowercase

87654321
--------------------------
'A‘ = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
'a‘ = 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

'B' = 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
'b' = 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0

'C' = 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
'c' = 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

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