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5 views12 pages

Couse Work

Uploaded by

malikakuanishbaevna070298
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NEUTRAL, LITERARY AND

COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY
OF THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE
DONE BY: SEYTBAEVA MALIKA, FOREIGN
LANGUAGES FACULTY, GROUP#408
• The word-stock of a language can be
represented as a system in which different
aspects of words are singled out as
interdependent.Inaccordance with the
division of language into literary and
colloquial, we may represent the whole of
the word stock of the English language as
being divided into three main layers:
• - the literary layer (super-neutral words)
• - the neutral layer
• - the colloquial layer (sub-neutral words)
• The literary and colloquial layers contain a number of sub-groups. Each of these
groups has an aspect it shares with all the subgroups within the layer.The common
property of the literary layer is its markedly bookish character, which makes the
layer more or less stable. The common property of the colloquial layer of words is
its lively spoken character, which makes it unstable, fleeting. The aspect of the
neutral layer is its universal character, which means that words belonging to this
layer are not restricted in use and can be employed in all styles and all spheres of
human communication, whichmakes this layer the most stable of all.
THE LITERARY LAYER (SUPER-NEUTRAL
WORDS)
• The literary layer (super-neutral words)consists of
the following groups of words:

• 1. Common literary (The common literary, neutral


and common colloquial words are grouped under the
term standard English vocabulary. Common literary
words are chiefly used in writing and in polished
speech.)

• 2. Terms

• 3. Bookish and Poetic words

• 4. Archaic words

• 5. Barbarisms and Foreign words

• 6. Neologisms
TERMS

• Terms belong to particular sciences. Consequently, the domain of their usage


is the scientific functional style. A classical term is monosemantic and has no
synonyms. When used in other styles, terms produce different stylistic effects.
They may sound humoristically or make speech "clever" and "scientific-like".
• Terms - words denoting objects, processes, phenomena of science, humanities,
technique.
• 1) Single terms: psychology, equity, function.
• 2) Terms consisting of several words: subject-matter, computer aided system,
belles-lettres style.
BOOKISH AND POETIC WORDS

• Bookish words belong to that stratum of the vocabulary which is used in cultivated speech only - in books or in
such special types of oral communication as public speeches, official negotiations. They form stylistic opposition
to their colloquial synonyms.
• Compare:

infant (bookish) - child (neutral) - kid (colloquial);


parent (bookish) - father (neutral) - daddy (colloquial).
• A special stratum of bookish words is constituted by the words traditionally used in poetry. Poetic words denote a
set of words traditionally used in poetry: behold, deem, thee, quoth, aught, foe, ere, woe, nigh, oft, anon, morn,
visage.
• They are mostly used in poetry in the 17 – 19 cc.:

e.g. ”steed” - horse, “quoth” - said, “woe” - sorrow, “eftsoons” - again, soon after, “rondure” - roundness .
ARCHAIC WORDS

• Historical words, denoting historical phenomena which are no more in use and have no
notion at present: e.g. yeoman, coif and distaff; vassal, falconet.
• 1. Obsolete words: methinks(it seems to me), nay(no); a palfrey(a small
horse),aforesaid, hereinafternamed;
• 2. Archaisms proper: troth (faith);
• 3. Historical words: knight, spear; worrier;
• 4. Poetic words: woe(sorrow), haply (perhaps);
• 5. Morphological forms: singest, brethren,thou, thou makest.
• Archaic words belong to Old English and are not recognized nowadays. The main
function of old words is to create a realistic background to historical works of literature.
BARBARISMS AND FOREIGN WORDS

• Barbarisms and foreignisms have the same origin. They are borrowings from other
languages. The greater part of barbarisms was borrowed into English from French
and Latin (parvenu - выскочка; protege -протеже; a propos - кстати; beau monde
- высший свет; de novo -сызнова; alter ego - другое«я»; datum - сведения,
информация). Ваrbarisms are assimilated borrowings. Being part of the English
word-stock, they are fixed in dictionaries. Foreignisms are non-assimilated
borrowings occasionally used in speech for stylistic reasons. They do not belong to
the English vocabulary and are not registered by lexicographers. The main function
of barbarisms and foreignisms is to create a realistic background to the stories
about foreign habits, customs, traditions and conditions of life.
NEOLOGISMS

• Neologisms are newly born words. Most of them are terms. The layer of
terminological neologisms has been rapidly growing since the start of
the technological revolution.(network server, browser, e-mail, provider,
site)
THE NEUTRAL LAYER

• Neutral words comprise the


overwhelming majority of lexis, used
in all spheres of human activity and
being the main source of synonyms
and polysemantic words. They are
used in both literary and colloquial
language. It is the neutral stock of
words that is so prolific in the
production of new meanings.
THE COLLOQUIAL LAYER (SUB-NEUTRAL
WORDS)

• Among the sub-neutral words the following groups are distinguished:


• 1. Words used in informal speech only - the colloquial words
• 2. Jargon words and slang, as well as individual creations (nonce-words)
• 3. Vulgar words.
THE COLLOQUIAL WORDS

• Common colloquial vocabulary is part of Standard English word-stock. It


borders both on neutral vocabulary and on special colloquial vocabulary.
Colloquialisms are familiar words and idioms used in informal speech and
writing, but unacceptable in polite conversation or business correspondence.
Compare:
standard speech sentence "Sir, you speak clearly and to the point"
and its colloquial equivalent "Friend, you talk plain and hit the nail right on
the head".
Colloquial words are employed in non-official everyday communication and
mark the message as informal, non-official and conversational. Their use is
associated with the oral form of communication.
E.g. ”dad”, “kid”, “crony”, “fan”, “to pop”, “folks”.

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