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Review of TAM Grouting design practice

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38 views

Review of TAM Grouting design practice

Uploaded by

ale martu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Review of TAM Grouting Design Practice

TEMPORARY WORKS FORUM

20th August 2022


AGENDA
1. Background

2. Grout applicability for different ground conditions

3. Typical procedures

4. The importance of quality control

5. Case history learnings

6. My recommendations to designers

___
2
Background
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GROUTING

Chan (2005)

The objective is for the grout to permeate into the soil voids, creating
a stable grouted soil mass with lower permeability than the parent
___
untreated soil 3
Background
W H AT I S TA M G R O U T I N G

• 42 mm ID plastic or steel perforated pipes


• rubber sleeves (manchettes) acting as one-
way valve
• 110mm drillhole filled with relatively weak
sleeve grout
• Double packer to isolate a portion of the
pipe
• Grout is injected at pressure into the pipe Source: https://www.spargrp.com/tam-grouting

between the confining packers, pushing the


rubber sleeve out and rupturing the sleeve
grout ___
4
Background
W H Y TA M G R O U T I N G

• Can inject grout accurately at required


locations.
• One-way valve system enables re-grouting
• Cheaper high viscosity grouts can be used
TAM Grouting
to seal off larger voids mitigating the risk
of loss of the more expensive low-viscosity
grouts
• The grouting and drilling operations are
decoupled, which can provide logistical
and programme benefits
Deep Soil Mixing Jet Grouting

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5
Understanding Ground Conditions

Filtration criterion for assessing grouting

N = D10(soil) / d90(grout) Incecik and Ceren (1995)

D10 is the sieve dimension through which 10% of the total soil
mass passes

d90 is the sieve dimension through which 90% of the total


grout mass passes.

If N >10 grouting is possible.

___
6
Typical Grout Types Used in Hong Kong

Grout Type Range of Applications


OPC Cement/Bentonite Larger voids in Sand Fill, Alluvium
and Colluvium, CDG
Microfine Cement Smaller voids in Sand
Fill, Alluvium and Colluvium
Sodium-Silicate Smaller voids in Sand Fill,
Alluvium and Colluvium, CDG
Quick setting Cement- Single size GRAVELS and Rock
Silicate Fill, high water flow conditions

SILTS/CLAYS cannot be treated with TAM methodology due to their fine nature compared to grout particle size

___
7
Typical Procedures
• Typically two phase grouting – first phase of cement-bentonite, second of sodium
silicate/chemical reagent
• Stop criteria at specified max. pressure or max. volume
• Maximum pressure should be determined by testing in-situ (roughly twice overburden)
• Any head loss in the system should be considered and added to the pressure criterion
• Preliminary volume, as % of ground to be treated, for reference:
Soil type C/B Silicate/ reagent
Fill, Marine Sand, Alluvial 10 35-40
Sand, Colluvium
CDG 5 20-25

• Regrouting for low pressures


• Maximum injection rates must be specified
___
8
The Importance of a Site Trial

EN 12715, ‘Execution of special geotechnical work – grouting’. Clause 5.3.1 of the


standard states that:
“Field grouting trials are executed in order to define or validate a grouting method.
Field grouting trials should be considered as part of the initial site investigation. They
should be conducted during the final design phase, or as part of the construction
phase if they did not form part of the site investigation. They should be executed
where initial investigations and local or comparable experience is insufficient to
support or justify the effectiveness of the grouting project. The trials should provide
information on borehole spacing, grouting pressure and grout take and types.’

___
Site Trial Tests
• Permeability tests on soil – before and after grouting
• Coring to observe grouted mass composition
• Measure the head losses in the pump and piping system, using the same setup and flowrate as
the production works

Routine tests on grout


Grout Type Tests Measurement
OPC Cement/Bentonite Mud Balance Grout density
Microfine Cement Marsh Cone Viscosity
Sodium-Silicate Cup Test Gel Time
Quick setting Cement-Silicate

___
Flowrates and Risk of Hydrofracturing the Ground

• It is imperative for the designer to specify a strict limit to the


acceptable flowrate to be used. Typical values recommended:
• 15 l/minute for C/B grout
• 2 to 8 l/min for silicate grout
• Using high flowrate significantly increases risk of hydrofracturing:
• Grout will break the soil matrix and will tend to flow away from the treatment zone
• Risk of higher permeability zones prone to excessive inflow
• Head losses in the pipes increase significantly: pressure measured at the pump is not
representative of the pressure at the sleeve

___
Case History – C/B in Fill

___
Case History – Microfine in Marine Sands

___
Case History – Microfine in Alluvial Sands

___
Case History – Sodium Silicate in CDG

___
Case History – Permeability achieved

Grout Types Treated Soil Types Post Grouting


Permeability Range (m/s)
Microfine Cement Marine Sands 5 x 10-6 to 5 x 10-7
Alluvial Sands
Sodium-Silicate Alluvial Sands 2 x 10-6 to 2 x 10-7
CDG

___
Case History – Pipe Pile with Lagging in Tidal Fill

• Single row of TAM behind pipe


pile wall
• Very large inflow observed
behind steel lagging at relatively
shallow excavation depth
• Minimal inflow observed in
adjacent lagging
• 100% grouting reliability is
required to mitigate excessive
inflow risk with single row
(optimistic)
___
Case History – Potential Solution in Tidal Rock Fill

• Single row of TAM behind pipe


pile wall required by the designer
• Additional row of Cement Mortar
Columns provided by the
Specialist Subcontractor to
provide robustness and mitigate
TAM grout loss

___
Is the Industry going in the right direction
1983 2022

• Automated mixing of small • A+B mixes injected through two


batches lines
• Slave units readily controlled to • Manually controlled pumps,
2 to 8 l/min difficult to coordinate, difficult to
control to below 8 l/min
___
Is the Industry going in the right direction
1983 2022

• Paper chart recorders for • Manual recording off pressure


pressure, rate of injection gauges, flow meters
___
My Recommendations to Designers

1. Understand ground conditions and specify appropriate grout type and specs – No solution fits
all
2. Control the flowrate
3. Insist on site trial and in-situ permeability testing
4. Insist on full grouting records and appropriate QA/QC
5. Do not rely on single TAM row, especially in high permeability soils
6. Do not assume overly optimistic permeability of grouted soil (i.e. lower than 10 -7 m/s)

___
Thanks.

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