BY BY

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

BY
MAIMUNATU MUHAMMAD KABIR
maimunatukabir1012@gmail.com
BYMAIMUNATU MUHAMMAD KABIR
maiBHYunatukabir1012@gmail.com
MAIMUNATU MU BY
MAIMUNATU MUHAMMAD KABIR
maimunatukabir1012@gmail.comHAMMAD KABIR
maimunatukabir1012@gmail.com
Objectives of the study
• By the end of the lecture student nurses should be able to ;
1.Describe different types of muscle tissues
2. Differentiate between the various types of muscles
3.List and explain properties of muscles
4.Describe origin, structure of skeletal muscles and its histology
5 Mention general functions of muscle.
Muscle Tissue
• The name muscle is derived from the latin word musculus which means mouse.
• It is excitable tissue due to its ability to transmit of electrochemical impulses along the membrane.
• It is organ of muscular system that perform many useful function and help us in day to day life.
• Muscles are biological machines made up of protein. It function in conversion of chemical energy in the
form of ATP in to mechanical energy. Human body has more than 600 muscles.
• The study of the structure, function, disease or abnormality of muscles or muscular system is called
myology.
TYPES OF MUSCLES
DEPENDING UPON STRIATIONS
Depending upon the presence or absence of cross striations, the muscles are divided into two groups:
1. Striated Muscle
Striated muscle is the muscle which has a large number of cross-striations (transverse lines). Skeletal
muscle
and cardiac muscle belong to this category.
2. Non-striated Muscle
Muscle which does not have cross-striations is called non-striated muscle. It is also called plain muscle or
Cont’d
DEPENDING UPON CONTROL
The muscles are classified into two types
1. Voluntary muscle is the muscle that is controlled by the will. Skeletal muscles are the voluntary muscles. These
muscles are innervated by somatic nerves.
2. Involuntary Muscle
• Muscle that cannot be controlled by the will is called involuntary muscle. Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are
involuntary muscles. These muscles are innervated by autonomic nerves.
DEPENDING UPON SITUATION/LOCATION
The muscles are classified into three types:
1. Skeletal Muscle
• Skeletal muscle is situated in association with bones forming the skeletal system.
• The skeletal muscles form 40% to 50% of body mass and are voluntary and striated.
• These muscles are supplied by somatic nerves. Fibers of the skeletal muscles are arranged in parallel.
• In most of the skeletal muscles, muscle fibers are attached to tendons on either end.
• Skeletal muscles are anchored to the bones by the tendons.
2. Cardiac Muscle
• Cardiac muscle forms the musculature of the heart.
• These muscles are striated and involuntary.
Cont’d
3. Smooth Muscle
• Smooth muscle is situated in association with viscera and form the main contractile units of wall of the various visceral organs. It is also called
visceral muscle.
• It is different from skeletal and cardiac muscles because of the absence of cross-striations.
• Smooth muscle is supplied by autonomic nerve fibers.
PROPERTIES OF MUSCLES
Excitability
• Excitability is defined as the reaction or response of a tissue to irritation or stimulation.(Stimulus=change in environment).
Example, smooth and cardiac muscles can contract without external stimulus, but can also respond to stimulation by nerves and hormones.
• Stimuli which can excite the tissue can be mechanical(pinching), electrical, thermal(applying heated glass rod or ice piece). Chemical stimulus
(applying chemical substances like acids).
Extensibility
Extensibility is the ability of muscles to stretch beyond its normal resting length and still contract.
Elasticity
Elasticity is the ability of muscles to recoil to its original resting length after its has been stretched.
CONTRACTILITY
• Contractility is the response of the muscle to a stimulus.
• Contraction is defined as the internal events of muscle with change in either length or tension of the muscle fibers.
Cont’d

TYPES OF CONTRACTION
Muscular contraction is classified into two types based on change in the length of muscle fibers or tension of the muscle:
1. Isotonic contraction is the type of muscular contraction in which the tension remains the same and the length of the
muscle fiber is altered (iso = same: tonic =tension).
Example: Simple flexion of arm, where shortening of muscle fibers occurs but the tension does not change.
2. Isometric contraction is the type of muscular contraction in which the length of muscle fibers remains the same and
the tension is increased.
Example: Pulling any heavy object when muscles become stiff and strained with increased tension but the length does
not change.
• Based on contraction time, the skeletal muscles are classified into two types:
1. Red muscles which contain large quantity of myoglobin. These muscles are also called slow muscles or slow twitch
muscles. Their contraction time is longer. Example: Back muscles and gastrocnemius muscles.
2. Pale muscles contain less quantity of myoglobin are called pale muscles or white muscles. These muscles are also
called fast muscles or fast twitch muscles. Contraction time is shorter in this type of muscles. Hand muscles and ocular
muscles.

FUNCTION OF MUSCLES
1. Movement of the body: most of skeletal muscles are attached to bone ad are responsible for the majority of body
movement. e.g walking, running, dancing, chewing etc.
Cont’d
3. Respiration: Skeletal muscle of the thorax carry out the movement necessary for respiration.
4. Production of body heat: When skeletal muscles contract heat is given off as a by product of metabolism
which is important for maintainance of body temperature.
5. Communication: Skeletal muscle are involves in all aspects of communication including gesturing, smiling,
frowning etc.
6. Constriction of organs and blood vessels: The contractions of smooth muscles within the walls of internal
organs and vessels cause them to constrict.
• This help in mixing of food with water, remove waste material from organs e.g. urine, faeces and also
regulate blood flow through vessels.
7.Contraction of heart: The contraction of cardiac muscles causes the heart beat, pumped blood to all part of
the body
STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
• Muscle tissue is made up of a large number of individual muscle cells or myocytes.
• The muscle cells are commonly called muscle fibers because these cells are long and slender in appearance.
• Skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated and are arranged parallel to one another with some connective
tissue in between.
• It is the system of muscular system and is composed of several kinds of tissue including nervous tissue,
blood vessels and various connective tissue.
Layers /connective tissue covering of skeletal muscle
• Muscle mass is separated from the neighboring tissues by a thick fibrous tissue layer
known as fascia.
• Beneath the fascia, muscle is covered by a connective tissue sheath called epimysium.
• the muscle, the muscle fibers are arranged in various groups called bundles or fasciculi.
• Connective tissue sheath that covers each fasciculus is called perimysium.
• Each muscle fiber is covered by a connective tissue layer called the endomysium.
• Muscle fibers are attached to a tough cord of connective tissue called tendon. Tendon
is in turn attached to the bone.
• Tendon of some muscles is thin, flat and stretched but tough. Such type of tendon is
called aponeurosis.
Function
• All the parts of the of a skeletal muscles are enclosed in layers of connective tissue.
• This arrangement allows the parts to move independently and allow blood vessels and
nerve to pass through these layers.
Muscles covering/layers
Histology of skeletal system
• Each muscle cell or muscle fiber is single, long cylindrical cells(length 1-4cm, diameter 10-100micro) containing
several nuclei (oval or elongated) which are located around its periphery near the plasma membrane.
• Each muscles fiber are enclosed by a cell membrane called plasma membrane(sarcolemma) that lies
beneath the endomysium.
• The cytoplasm of the muscle is called the sarcoplasm, many structure are embedded within the
sarcoplasm such as nuclei, myofibrils, golgi apparatus,mitochondria,sarcoplasmic reticulum,
ribosomes, glycogen, lipid droplets.
• All the organelles of muscle fiber have the same functions as those of other cells.
• Each muscle fibre consists of a large number of myofibrils which are arranged parallel to each other.
• Each myofibril consists of many thick and thin filaments(myofilaments) made up of contractile proteins.
• The thick and thin filaments form the contractile apparatus of a striated muscle.
• Thick filaments are about twice the diameter of thin filaments
 Sarcomere is defined as the structural and functional unit of a skeletal muscle. It is also called the
basic contractile unit of the muscle.
 CONTRACTILE ELEMEN /PROTEINS OF MUSCLE
 Myosin filaments are formed by myosin molecules.
 Actin filaments are formed by three types of proteins (called actin, tropomyosin and troponin).
 These four proteins together constitute the contractile proteins or the contractile elements of the
Sarcotubular system
• It is a system of membranous structures in the form of vesicles and tubules in the
sarcoplasm of the muscle fiber.
• It surrounds the myofibrils embedded in the sarcoplasm.
• It is formed mainly by two types of structures:
1. T tubules or transverse tubules
2. L tubules or sarcoplasmic reticulum or longitudinal tubules .
Function
• T tubules are responsible for rapid transmission of impulse in the form of action
potential from sarcolemma to the myofibrils.
• L tubules store a large quantity of calcium ions which trigger the processes
involved in contraction of the muscle.
ORIGIN /DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUSCLES FIBER
• Muscle fibers develop from less mature, multinucleated cells called myoblast .
• Myoblast are converted in to muscle fibers as contractile proteins accumulate within
their cytoplasm.
• However, the number of skeletal muscles fibers remain relatively constant after
birth
• Hypertrophy(enlargement) of muscles after birth in children and adult result from an
increase in the size of each muscles fibres not from increase in the number of
muscle fibers.
• Composition of skeletal muscles
• Skeletal muscle is formed by 75% of water and 25% of solids.
• Solids are 20% of proteins and 5% of organic substances and inorganic
substances(Na,K Ca,Mg Cl- etc) .
• Other proteins include myosin, actin, tropomyosin and troponin, titin, actinin,
desmin, myoglobin(myohemoglobin) is present in sarcoplasm. Its function is similar