Mathematics of the Modern World

MATHEMATICS OF
THE MODERN WORLD

Lesson 4. Data
Management
A MATHEMATICAL
TOOL: DATA
MANAGEMENT
What is statistics?
Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics

concerned with collecting, organizing, and
interpreting data. It attempts to infer the properties of
a large collection of data from inspection of a sample
of the collection thereby allowing educated guesses to
be made with a minimum expense.
MAIN BRANCHES OF
STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics - involves
collecting, organizing, describing,
summarizing, and presenting
gathered data in a meaningful and
informative way.
Inferential Statistics - refers to
the process of drawing a
conclusion and making a decision
on the population based on
evidence obtained from a sample.
It includes estimation and
Differences Based on
WHAT IT DOES?
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS STATISTICS
It organize, Compares, test
analyze, and and predicts
present data in data.
a meaningful
way.
✘Descriptive Statistics
 What is the percentage of X, Y, and Z participants?
 What is the average monthly salary of the employees in Company
A?
 How much students in SRCB are satisfied about the quality
education it provides?
✘Inferential Statistics
 Is the claim true that the mean lifespan of the batter-operated toy
cars is 5 years?
 Is the claim true that the student’s performance in Biology did not
improve?
 Is there a significant difference in the mean sales of the three
candidates for promotion?
Differences Based on
tools
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
STATISTICS
 Parametric Test
✘ Measures of Central  Non-Parametric Test
Tendency
✘ Measures of Variation
Central Tendency determines a numerical
value in the central region of a distribution of
scores. Central tendency refers to the center
of a distribution of observations.
There are three measures of central

tendency:
a) mean
b) median
c) mode
1.MEAN is also called the arithmetic mean or average. It can
be affected by extreme scores. It is stable, and varies less
from sample to sample. It is used if the most reliable measure
is desired and when there are a few with very high values and
a a few with very low values. The mean is the balance point of
a score distribution.
2.MEDIAN
The median, is the value in the distribution that
divides an arranged (ascending/descending) set into two
equal parts. It is the midpoint or middlemost of a
distribution of scores.
Fifty percent of the scores falls above it and 50% falls

below it. It is also known as the 50th percentile.
It is not affected by extreme scores. This used when the

distribution of scores is skewed.
The median separates the distribution into two equal parts.

The mode of ungrouped data is found by
merely inspection.
The most frequent score that occur.

Exersises 1. Compute the mean, median &
mode of the ff:
1. 75, 80, 82, 84, 91
2. 25, 25, 28, 27, 90, 90

Activity 1.
Inferential Statistics
Activity 1. Determine the
mean, median, and mode
of the following:
Hypothesis
Testing:
Six steps
6 Steps in Hypothesis
Testing
Step 1:✘Identify the Problem
Step 2:✘ Formulate Null and Alternative Hypothesis
✘
Step 3: Level of Significance
Step 4:✘Statistics
Step 5:✘Decision Rule
Step 6:✘Conclusion
FORMULAS:
MEAN MEDIAN MODE
Population mean: The midpoint of The data that
an array of data. appears most
Sample mean: frequent.
FORMULAS:
RANGE VARIANCE STANDARD
Simplest form of DEVIATION
measuring the
Population SD:
variation:
Sample SD:
form of final
result
INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE Uses
STATISTICS probability.
Uses charts,
graphs, and
table.
Sampling
Technique:
SLOVIN’S
FORMULA
SLOVIN’S
FORMULA
✘ If the population is very large, this formula will be
used:
Where
SLOVIN’S
FORMULA
✘ A researcher wants to know the average income of
the families living in Barangay A which has 2,500
residents. Calculate the sample size the researcher
will need if a 5% margin of error is allowed.
Where
The data are the quantities (numbers) or qualities
(attributes) measured or observed that are to be collected and/or
analyzed. A collection of data is called data set.
Two categories of data are categorical and
continuous data.
1. Categorical data are nominal and ordinal scales while
continuous data are ratio and interval scales.
2. Nominal scale consists of a finite set of possible values having
no particular order. Some examples include gender, mode of
transportation, nationality occupation, and civil status.
3. Ordinal scale is a set of possible having a specific order. Some
examples are pain level, social status, and attitude toward a
subject. On the other hand, continuous scale and ratio scale has
intervals.
4. Interval scales are measured on a continuum and the difference
between any two numbers on the scale are of known size. Some
The data are the quantities (numbers) or qualities
(attributes) measured or observed that are to be collected and/or
analyzed. A collection of data is called data set.
Two categories of data are categorical and

continuous data.
1. Categorical data are nominal and ordinal scales while

continuous data are ratio and interval scales.
2. Nominal scale consists of a finite set of possible values having
no particular order. Some examples include gender, mode of
transportation, nationality occupation, and civil status.
3. Ordinal scale is a set of possible having a specific order. Some
examples are pain level, social status, attitude toward a
subject. On the other than, continuous scale and ratio scale has
interval.
The data are the quantities (numbers) or qualities (attributes) measured or observed that
are to be collected and/or analyzed. A collection of data is called data set. Two categories
of data are categorical and continuous data. Categorical data are nominal and ordinal
scales while continuous data are ratio and interval scales. Nominal scale consists of a
finite set of possible values having no particular order. Some examples include gender,
mode of transportation, nationality occupation, and civil status. Ordinal scale is a set of
possible having a specific order. Some examples are pain level, social status, attitude
toward a subject. On the other than, continuous scale and ratio scale has interval.
Interval scales are measured on continuum and difference between any two numbers on
the scale are of known size. Some examples are temperature, tons of garbage, number
of arrests, and age. There is a need to distinguish them in order to decide what method
to use because it varies according to the type of data. Categorical data use non-
parametric statistics while continuous data use parametric statistics.
SAMP L I N G A N D
SAMPLING
DI S T R I BU T I O N
L: DATA MANAG EMENT
O
A MATHEMATICAL TO
POPULATI
ON
the group you want to
generalize
the totality of the subjects
under consideration
SAMPLE
the subset from population
the portion chosen from a

population
GUESS WHAT?
 One of the Filipino’s favorite especially

on summer.
 It is considered by many as comfort
food.
 Serve all over the country all year round.
 What do you
think are the
ingredients of
the best pinoy
halo-halo?
IT’S PINOY HALO-HALO
Halo-halo = target
 Population
Ingredients = respondent
 Sample
RA N D O M
SA M P L I N G
M
 ILLUSTRATES RA NDO
SAMPLING
n D.
Prepared by: Kare
Ulgasan
SAMPLING
refers to the process of taking samples
RANDOM SAMPLING
refers to the sampling technique in which
each member of the population is given
equal chance to be chosen as part of sample.
ACTIVITY 1: KNOW YOUR REGION
https://www.slideshare.net/AngelieTugaoen/region-6-western-visayas-philippin
ACTIVITY 1: KNOW YOUR REGION
Guide Questions:
1. How many Provinces are included in
Region VI?
2. What are the different provinces
included in Region VI?
3. What are the different festivals do
they celebrate?
ACTIVITY 2: PICK A WORD
Direction: Choose a word from the box that

best describe the statement below.
random sample
population
cluster stratified
systematic
ACTIVITY 2: PICK A WORD
1. The six provinces of Region VI.

2. The 2nd, 4th, and 6th province of Region VI.
3. The total number of person of Region VI.
4. The population proportion of provinces in
Region VI.
5. The subset of the group.
II. RANDOM SAMPLING
Simple Random Sampling

Systematic Random
Sampling
Stratified Random
Sampling
Clustered Random
Sampling
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
refers to the sampling

technique in which each
member of the population is
given equal chance to be
chosen as part of sample
2. SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
Every 3rd house

2. SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
refers to the process of finding the kth

element in the population lists using the
formula
K=
where, N = population
n = sample
3. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
3. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
divide the elements in the population into

strata
samples are randomly selected from each
stratum
Note: Selected element is proportionately

represented in the total population. Sampling
fraction:
Example:
Assume you have a population of
1000 students with 500 from grade
school, 300 from the high school, and
200 from senior high school and
n=400.
STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING
Solution:
Get the samples from each stratum,
sampling fraction =
Stratum Population N (.4) Sample

Grade School 500 500(.4) 200
Junior High 300 300(.4) 120
School
Senior High 200 200(.4) 80
School STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
Total 1000 1000(.4) 400

4. CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING
3. CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING
A multistage sampling method

The whole population is subdivided
into clusters, or groups
 A random samples are then
collected from each group.
H OW D O Y O U
DE T E R M I N E YO U R
SAM P L E S I Z E ?
SLOVIN’S
FORMULA
Step 2: Plug your data into the
formula.
n=
286
CLUSTER/GROUP
ACTIVITY:
Give example to each random sampling and
illustrate the each types of random sampling
by giving specific/concrete example.
SCORING RUBRICS:
Criteria Points
Correct illustration. It helps 10 points
explain the process of random
sampling.
Content includes necessary 10 points
details about the population
and the sample.
Presentation /Cooperation. 5 points
TOTAL 25 points
FOUR LEVELS OF Karen D. Ulgasan PhD
MEASUREMENTS
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MATHEMATICS OF

THE MODERN WORLD

Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics

There are three measures of central

Fifty percent of the scores falls above it and 50% falls

It is not affected by extreme scores. This used when the

The median separates the distribution into two equal parts.

The most frequent score that occur.

1. 75, 80, 82, 84, 91

2. 25, 25, 28, 27, 90, 90

Two categories of data are categorical and

1. Categorical data are nominal and ordinal scales while

the portion chosen from a

 One of the Filipino’s favorite especially

Direction: Choose a word from the box that

1. The six provinces of Region VI.

Simple Random Sampling

refers to the sampling

Every 3rd house

refers to the process of finding the kth

divide the elements in the population into

Note: Selected element is proportionately

Stratum Population N (.4) Sample

Total 1000 1000(.4) 400

A multistage sampling method

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