RENEWABLE

SOURCES OF
ENERGY
BY:
ADEE/G/NDLS
Power Plant
Capacity.
Installed Power Capacity :- 442GW as on 31.03.2024.
Maximum Demand :-
Thermal Power- 243 GW as on February , 2024. ( 55% of total installed capacity).
Hydro Power :- 47 GW ( 10-11% of total installed capacity. )
Nuclear Power :- 2%
Renewable Energy :- 30% ( Solar , Wind , BioMass )
 Renewable
•energy
Renewable energy sources are essentially
in exhaustible and can be replenished
without the release of harmful pollutants
and Green House Gases.

• This energy comes from resources which are

continually replenished.
Types of Renewable
Energy
Here are most common types of green energy-
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Hydroelectric
Geothermal
Biomass
Tidal Power
Fuel Cells
 Solar Energy
 Source: Sunlight
 How it works: Solar panels (photovoltaic cells) capture sunlight and convert it
into electricity. Alternatively, concentrated solar power (CSP) systems use
mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight, generating heat that can produce
electricity.
 Benefits: Abundant, environmentally clean, and widely accessible.
 Challenges: Energy production is intermittent (depends on sunlight availability)
and storage solutions (like batteries) are needed for off-hours use.
 Wind Energy
 Source: Wind
 How it works: Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into
mechanical energy, which is then turned into electricity by a generator.
 Benefits: Clean, renewable, and widely scalable in areas with strong,
consistent winds.
 Challenges: Wind energy generation is intermittent and can require large areas
of land for installation.
 Hydropower (Hydroelectric
 Power)
Source: Flowing or falling water
 How it works: Water flow from rivers, dams, or waterfalls is harnessed to turn
turbines that generate electricity.
 Benefits: Reliable, flexible, and can produce large amounts of electricity.
 Challenges: Environmental impact, such as disruption of local ecosystems, and
displacement of communities in large dam projects.
 Geothermal Energy
 Source: Heat from the Earth's interior
 How it works: Geothermal power plants use steam or hot water from deep
beneath the Earth's surface to drive turbines that generate electricity. Heat can
also be used directly for heating purposes.
 Benefits: Consistent, reliable, and low emissions.
 Challenges: Geothermal resources are location-specific, usually found in areas
with volcanic activity or tectonic plate boundaries.
 Biomass Energy
 Source: Organic materials (plants, animal waste, or other biological matter)
 How it works: Biomass can be burned to produce heat or converted into bio-
fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. The combustion of biomass generates heat or
electricity.
 Benefits: Reduces waste and can be renewable if managed sustainably.
 Challenges: Producing and burning biomass can still release carbon dioxide,
and large-scale production can have environmental impacts (deforestation,
land use).
 Tidal and Wave Energy
 Source: Ocean tides and waves
 How it works: Tidal energy uses the rise and fall of ocean tides to generate
electricity, while wave energy harnesses the movement of waves to power
turbines.
 Benefits: Predictable and consistent, as tides and waves are influenced by
gravitational forces.
 Challenges: High upfront costs, limited geographic availability, and potential
impacts on marine ecosystems.
 Hydrogen Energy (from
renewable sources)
 Source: Water (via electrolysis powered by renewable energy)
 How it works: Renewable electricity is used to split water into hydrogen and
oxygen. The hydrogen gas can then be stored and used as a fuel.
 Benefits: Can be used for energy storage, transportation, and in industries.
 Challenges: Energy-intensive production process and infrastructure
development needed for storage and distribution.
 Advantages of Renewable
Energy:
 Sustainability: These resources are naturally replenished and can provide long-
term solutions.
 Environmental Impact: Lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduced air
pollution compared to fossil fuels.
 Economic Growth: Promotes job creation in renewable energy sectors like
manufacturing, installation, and maintenance.
 Energy Independence: Reduces reliance on imported fossil fuels.
 Solar
 Sun is the single largest source
Energy
of clean and green energy.

Sunlight availability is measured

in kwh/m3/day.

It ranges from an average of 4 to

7 kwh/m3/day with about 2300-
3200 sunshine hours per year.

•.
 Solar Energy
•Solar energy is generally
captured in two forms: via
Photovoltaic (PV) cells for
electricity generation or via
thermal panels for heating
purposes
•Remains inexpensive method of
generating electricity compared
to conventional sources and
other renewable sources such as
wind or hydro power.
The sun's thermal energy heats the fluid in the solar collectors.
Then, this fluid passes through a heat exchanger in the storage
Solar Water
tank, transferring the heat to the water. The non-freezing fluid
then cycles back to the collectors. These systems make sense
Heater
in freezing climates.
Solar water heating system is a system that uses solar energy
to heat water for domestic, commercial, and industrial needs. A
typical solar water heating system can save up to 1400 units of
electricity every year, for every 100 liters per day of solar water
heating capacity.
Solar water heating system consists of a solar collector, a
storage tank (kept at a height behind the collector), and
connecting pipes. The system is generally installed on the roof
with the solar collector facing the sun and connected to a
continuous water supply. Water flows through the Collector
Salient Features of Solar Water Heating System:Fuel Saving- A 100
liters capacity SWH can save 1500 units of electricity annually.
Beneficial for Environment- A Solar Water Heater of 100 liters
capacity can prevent the emission of 1.5 tons of carbon dioxide per
year.Total Life- 15 to 20 years of life span (durability) approximately.
Costing- Rs.15000- 20,000 for a 100 liters capacity system and Rs.110-
150 per installed liter for higher capacity solar water heating systems.
Payback period- 3-4 years’ time duration for payback when electricity
is replaced 4-5 years/when furnace oil is replaced 5-6 years/when
coal is replaced.
Basic Standalone-Solar-Electric-Systems
 Charge Controller
The purpose of the controller is usually to ensure that
the batteries are properly fed and therefore safe for long-term
use. At its most basic, a controller is simple. It blocks reverse
current and prevents batteries from overcharging. Certain
controllers will also prevent batteries from discharging
and protect them from electrical overload.
•Load overcurrent and short-circuit protection:
•Overvoltage protection:
•Lightning protection
•Reverse battery connection protection
•Overcharge and over-discharge protection
 3. Solar Energy
Solar energy or the energy radiating from the sun is the
result of nuclear fusion at its core. It comes from the
Sun in the form of sunlight that can be transformed into
electricity by photovoltaic cells (solar panels), or as heat
energy by solar heaters, and solar cookers for different
purposes. It is the third most widely used renewable
energy source.
 SOLAR ENERGY
•Advantages:-
•Pollution-free, causes no greenhouse gas like carbon-di-oxide
emission
•Easier to install in off-grid areas to generate electricity so
houses in rural regions can get electricity
•Reduces household energy bills
Disadvantages:
•Solar Installations tend to be costly
•Since its production is weather dependent, the energy flow
can be significantly low on a cloudy day
Applications
•Producing electricity by converting solar energy using
photovoltaic cells
•Cooking using solar cookers and heaters
Solar Energy -
Photovoltaic Current is generated through Photovoltaic
effect -flow of free electrons in Silicon Panel
due to solar irradiance

Direct current (DC) is generated

which can be stored in a battery or
converted to Alternating Current (AC)
Solar Energy – Solar
Thermal Sun’s infrared rays are concentrated through
reflecting mirrors on a heating fluid (normally
liquid salt) medium, which in turn generates
steam to propel turbines
 Operation of solar
i)cells:
Absorption of sunlight into semiconductor materials

ii) Generation of charge carriers.

iii) Separation of +ve & -ve charges to different regions of the cell to
produce e.m.f.
Conversion Efficiency
The ratio of the maximum power to the product of area and
irradiance expressed as a percentage.

ή = Maximum power x 100%

Area x irradiance
 Solar Photovoltaic
 (SPV) module
The power generated by a single cell is small and therefore several cells are
interconnected in series/parallel combination to get the required voltage and current.
 When a number of solar cells are connected in series to get a specific voltage the unit
so formed is called as Solar Module.
 Charging batteries is the primary use of SPV module. Therefore normally 36 cells are
joined in series to form a standard module, which is capable of charging 12 volts
battery. The module provides a usable direct current (DC) voltage of about 16.5 V,
which is normally used to charge a 12-V battery.
 A terminal box is provided on the backside of the module for external connections.
 Solar Panel
•A diode is connected on the +ve terminal of
such string in forward bias. This is called
Blocking diode. This diode is provided so
that in daytime current can flow from
module to battery, but at night or in cloudy
day current should not flow back from
battery to module or from one string to
another string.
On Grid Solar System
Off Grid Solar System
 Concept of net
metering
Case-I

In case generation of power from Renewable

Energy based Power Project equals the power
requirement of the Net metering consumer, there is
no export or import of power from the grid.
Hence, net billing units for this type of consumers
will be zero.
Wind Energy
•Converts kinetic energy for wind to
electrical energy.
•Broadly serving as the renewable of
choice in India.
•Increased size and higher
productivity have enabled wind
generation to become an
increasingly competitive alternative
to more traditional methods of
power generation.
Wind Energy
 Wind Energy
•Wind Turbine converts kinetic
energy of wind in to
Electricity.

•The most common wind

turbines are of horizontal
axis, propeller, and three
blade type mounted on the
top of the tower.
Wind Energy
The power generated by the wind is calculated as under,
P=1/2 x Cp x r x A x V3
Where,
Cp is coefficient of performance
(max. theoretical value=0.59),
A is rotor sweep area,
r(rho) is wind density (depend on pressure and temperature)
and
V is wind speed in m/s.
Wind Energy
•Normally wind turbine start generation when the wind speed
exceeds 3.5 m/s (known as cut in speed) and

•give rated power at wind speed of about 14 m/s (known as rated

speed).

•Beyond wind speed of 20 m/s, (known as cut-out speed) WTG is

simply stopped to avoid damage to its parts.
 2. Wind Energy
The second most widely used clean energy source, it is
one of the fastest-growing infrastructures for renewable
energy. Wind energy is generated capturing the
movement of atmospheric air by wind turbines and
converting it into electricity. The wind flow is driven by
differences in temperatures of the Earth’s surface when
heated by sunlight combining with the rotation of the
Earth. When the wind speed is higher, the wind turbine
rotates faster and generates more electricity.
WIND ENERGY
Advantages:
•An additional source of income for farmers, and land-owners
as they are paid for the lands where the wind turbines requires
are installed
•Has the prospect of creating employment in its manufacturing
and maintenance work
Disadvantages:
•Power generation fluctuates as wind flow varies; no electricity
can be produced in the absence of wind
•Wind turbines pose a threat to wildlife, especially birds and
bats
Applications:
•Electric power generation
•Pumping underground water using windmills
•Milling grain employing gristmills
 Hydroelectric Energy
•Most mature of renewable energies.

•Largest global contributor amongst all renewable

energies.

•Largely utilizes established technology from other sectors.

•Can be “switched on-off” at almost immediately.

•Arguably the cheapest where available.

 1. Hydroelectric Energy
The most widely used renewable power source, it uses the
gravitational potential of elevated water that is converted into
electrical energy through a hydraulic turbine coupled with a
generator set. A dam is built across a stream to store water,
which is then supplied through a channel to the turbine-
generator set to produce electricity.
Advantages:
•Low operating cost and requires less maintenance
•Can be utilized for numerous other purposes such as
irrigation, flood control, and water supply.
Disadvantages:
•Building the initial infrastructure is quite expensive
•Has adverse environmental effects on aquatic life due to dam
and road construction, changed water flow, turbine installation
Hydroelectric
Energy
Geothermal Energy
•Geothermal Energy – Heat contained in underground rocks and
fluid that can be tapped for energy.
•Extract dry steam, wet steam or hot water and can be used to
heat space or water.
•Potentially renewable resource.
•“22 countries currently use geothermal energy which supplies 1%
of world energy. In the USA (44% geothermal energy is produced
worldwide) geothermal electricity is produced mostly in Hawaii,
California, Nevada and Utah”.
Geothermal
Energy
 Biomass Energy
Biomass – organic matter in plants produced through photosynthesis and can
be burned directly as a solid fuel or converted into a gas or liquid fuel.
1. Burning wood
2. Agricultural Waste
a. Bagasse (sugar cane residue)
b. Straw
3. Urban Waste (WTE)
a. Burning garbage
4. Biofuels
 Biomass Energy
•Carbon neutral
◦CO2 ultimately released
in energy generation is
recently captured and so
ideally does not change
total atmospheric levels
◦ Carbon leaks can result in
a net increase in CO2
levels
◦ Sequestration in soil can
result in a net decrease in
CO2 levels
 4. Biomass
It is the fourth biggest renewable power source after
hydro, wind, and solar. Biomass is the energy obtained
from biotic substances like plant, and animal remains.
Burning of wood for cooking and warmth is the most
common way to utilize biomass energy. Modern
processes to extract biomass energy include methane
gas generation, production of biodiesel, and alcohol for
fueling automobiles.
•Being widely available, it reduces the reliance on fossil
fuels
•Generates revenue from organic waste, and it reduces
the quantity of garbage to be landfilled
Disadvantages:
•Burning biomass fuel like wood releases carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere, leading to pollution.
•Due to lack of technological advancements to produce
biodiesel and alcohol from biomass, it is not a
widespread renewable energy source that can replace
fossil fuels
Applications:
•Production of biodiesel and alcohol to be used as a
replacement for traditional automobile fuels
•Producing methane gas that can be used to generate
heat, electricity, and organic chemicals
 WOOD SUGAR CANE

Bioma
ss
CORN GARBAGE

BAGASSE

BIOGAS
Bio-
fuels
THANK
YOU