Chapter 4: Stoichiometry

• Earlier, we learned ways to convert mass to

moles, moles to mass, moles to number of
particles (atoms or molecules). All within the
same type of substance
• Now, we will use these conversions to find
ratios (proportions) among different
substances in a chemical reaction. That is,
ratios among reactants to reactants, reactants
to products, and products to products
 Reading Equations In Moles

Consider the following equation:

4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s)

This equation can be read in “moles” by placing

the
word “moles” between each coefficient and
formula.

4 moles Fe + 3 moles O2 2 moles Fe2O3

 Writing Mole-Mole Factors
A mole-mole factor is a ratio of the moles for any two
substances in an equation.
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

Fe and O2 4 moles Fe and 3 moles O2

3 moles O2 4 moles Fe
Fe and Fe2O3 4 moles Fe and 2 moles Fe2O3
2 moles Fe2O3 4 moles Fe
O2 and Fe2O3 3 moles O2 and 2 moles Fe2O3
2 moles Fe2O3 3 moles O2
 Learning Check
Consider the following equation:
3 H2(g) + N2(g) 2 NH3(g)
A. A mole-mole factor for H2 and N2 is
1) 3 moles N2 2) 1 mole N2 3) 1 mole N2
1 mole H2 3 moles H2 2 moles H2

B. A mole-mole factor for NH3 and H2 is

1) 1 mole H2 2) 2 moles NH3 3) 3 moles N2
2 moles NH3 3 moles H2 2 moles NH3
 Solution

3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)

A. A mole-mole factor for H2 and N2 is

2) 1 mole N2
3 moles H2

B. A mole-mole factor for NH3 and H2 is

2) 2 moles NH3
3 moles H2
What conversion factor connects methane and
water the equation?
CH4 + O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
(need to balance first)

A. 1mol methane/ 2mol H2O

B. 2mol methane/ 1mol H2O
C. 2mol methane/ 2mol H2O
D. 3mol methane/ 2mol H2O
Another example:
• Sodium chloride, NaCl, forms by the following reaction
between sodium and chlorine. How many moles of NaCl
result from the complete reaction of 3.4 mol of Cl2?
Assume there is more than enough Na.
2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2 NaCl(s)

7
Example:
How many moles of NaCl
result from the complete
reaction of 3.4 mol of Cl2 in
the reaction below?
2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2 NaCl(s)

• Write down the given quantity and its units.

Given: 3.4 mol Cl2

8
Example: Information
How many moles of NaCl Given: 3.4 mol Cl2
result from the complete
reaction of 3.4 mol of Cl2 in
the reaction below?
2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2 NaCl(s)

• Write down the quantity to find and/or its units.

Find: ? moles NaCl

9
Example: Information
How many moles of NaCl Given: 3.4 mol Cl2
result from the complete
Find: ? moles NaCl
reaction of 3.4 mol of Cl2 in
the reaction below?
2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2 NaCl(s)

• Collect Needed Conversion Factors:

according to the equation:

1 mole Cl2  2 moles NaCl

10
Example: Information
How many moles of NaCl Given: 3.4 mol Cl2
result from the complete
Find: ? moles NaCl
reaction of 3.4 mol of Cl2 in
the reaction below? CF: 1 mol Cl2  2 mol NaCl
2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2 NaCl(s)

• Write a Solution Map for converting the units :

molClCl2
mol molNaCl
mol NaCl
2

2 mol NaCl
1 mol Cl 2

11
Example: Information
How many moles of NaCl Given: 3.4 mol Cl2
result from the complete
Find: ? moles NaCl
reaction of 3.4 mol of Cl2 in
the reaction below? CF: 1 mol Cl2  2 mol NaCl
2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2 NaCl(s) SM: mol Cl2  mol NaCl

• Apply the Solution Map:

2 mol NaCl
3.4 mol Cl 2  moles NaCl
1 mol Cl 2
= 6.8 mol NaCl
• Sig. Figs. & Round:
= 6.8 moles NaCl

12
Example: Information
How many moles of NaCl Given: 3.4 mol Cl2
result from the complete
Find: ? moles NaCl
reaction of 3.4 mol of Cl2 in
the reaction below? CF: 1 mol Cl2  2 mol NaCl
2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2 NaCl(s) SM: mol Cl2  mol NaCl

• Check the Solution:

3.4 mol Cl2 yields 6.8 mol NaCl

The units of the answer, moles NaCl, are correct.
The magnitude of the answer makes sense
since the equation tells us you make twice as many
moles of NaCl as the moles of Cl2 .

13
Calculations with Mole Factors (fast)

How many moles of Fe2O3 can form from 6.0 mole O2?

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

Relationship: 3 mole O2 = 2 mole Fe2O3

Write a mole-mole factor to determine the moles of Fe2O3.

6.0 mole O2 x 2 mole Fe2O3 = 4.0 mole Fe2O3

3 mole O2
 Learning Check

How many moles of Fe are needed for the reaction

of 12.0 moles O2?

4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s)

1) 3.00 moles Fe
2) 9.00 moles Fe
3) 16.0 moles Fe
 Solution

3) 16.0 moles Fe

12.0 moles O2 x 4 moles Fe = 16.0 moles Fe

3 moles O2
 Mole to Mass Factors
How many grams of Ag2S are made from the reaction of 3mol Ag with enough
S?
2 moles Ag + 1 moles S 1 mole Ag2S

mol Ag2S g = 3mol Ag x 1mol Ag2S = 1.5 mole Ag2S 2molAg

1.5 mole Ag2S x 247.9g Ag2S = 371.8g Ag2S

1mol Ag2S
 Simpler
• How many grams of Ag2S are made from the
reaction of 3mol Ag with enough S?
• 2 moles Ag + 1 moles S 1 mole Ag2S
Connecting moles factor is:
mol Ag2S /2mol Ag
• or 247.9gAg2S/2molAg
• So, 3molAg x 247.9gAg2S/2molAg = 371.8g Ag2S
 Writing mass-mass Factors
2 moles Ag + 1 moles S = 1 mole Ag2S
2 (107.9 g) + 1(32.1 g) = 1 (247.9 g)
215.8g Ag + 32.1g S = 247.9g Ag2S
247.9 g reactants = 247.9 g product
2 moles Ag/ 1 mole Ag2S ; or 215.8gAg/247.9gAg2S ; 247.9gAg2S /215.8gAg ;
1 mol S/ 1 mol Ag2S ; 32.1gS/247.9gAg2S
 Mass to Mass Factors
How many grams of Ag2S are made from the reaction of 323.7g Ag with
enough S?
2 moles Ag + 1 moles S 1 mole Ag2S
2 (107.9 g) + 1(32.1 g) = 1 (247.9 g)
215.8g Ag + 32.1g S = 247.9g Ag2S
(247.9gAg2S /215.8g Ag) x 323.7g Ag = 371.8gAg2S
These are not normally used in your book, but are not impossible as the book
says
 How many grams of hydrogen
chloride can be made from 8g of
hydrogen? (H=1, Cl= 35.5)
H2 + Cl2 = 2HCL

A. 36.5g
B. 292g
C. 73g
D. 146g
 Limiting Reactant (case 1)
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O (balanced)
If we react 2mol of H2 (4mol of H atoms)and 1 mol of O 2 (2mol of O
atoms), we obtain 2 mol of water and no hydrogen or oxygen left.

But if we reacted 2 mol of H2 and 2 mol of O2 , we will still make 2

mol of water but 1 mol of O2 is left unreacted (we only needed one
mol of O2 according to the first equation above).
2H2 + 2O2 = 2H2O (given)
2H2 + O2 + O2 = 2H2O ( given, one O2 left. Too much O2)

We say that the hydrogen limited the amount of water that could
be made and therefore hydrogen is a limiting reactant. When
hydrogen is consumed no more oxygen can be used
 Limiting Reactant (case 2)
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O (balanced)
Now, if we reacted 4 mol of H2 and 1 mol of O2 , we will still
make 2 mol of water but 1 mol of H2 is left unreacted (we only
needed two mol of H2 according to the equation above).

4H2 + 1 O2 = 2H2O (given)

2H2 + 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O ( given, 2 H2 left, too much H2)

We say that the oxygen limited the amount of water that could
be made and therefore oxygen now is a limiting reactant.
When oxygen is consumed no more hydrogen can be used
 Rule to Determine the Limiting
Reactant
• USING THE BALANCED EQUATION, divide any pair of
the reactants (such as H2/O2 or O2/H2), in moles, to get
a ratio of moles in the numerator of one of the
reactants PER ONE MOL of the reactant in the
DENOMINATOR
• Do the same division with the GIVEN AMOUNTS OF
MOLES OF REACTANTS for your problem. If the ratio is
larger than that of the balanced equation ratio, then
there is much more of the reactant in the numerator
than needed and the reactant in the denominator is the
limiting reactant.
 Limiting reactant (contd.)
• In the first case, of the water example,
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O (balanced equation)
2H2 + 2O2= 2H2O (given amounts)
Let’s choose H2/O2 ratio for the balanced
equation. This is:
2H2/O2 = 2mol H2 per 1 mol of O2

The H2/O2 ratio for the given amounts is :

2H2/2O2 = 1mol H2 per 1 mol of O2.

This number (ratio) is SMALLER compared to the one for the

balanced equation ratio. Thus, there is too little of the reactant in
the numerator (H2) and too much of the one in the denominator (O2)
Therefore, H2 is the limiting reactant.
 Limiting reactant (contd.)
• In the second case of the water example,
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O (balanced equation)
4H2 + 1O2= 2H2O (given amounts)
Let’s choose H2/O2 ratio for the balanced
equation. This is:
2H2/O2 = 2mol H2 per 1 mol of O2 (balanced equation ratio)

The H2/O2 ratio for the given amounts is :

4H2/1O2 = 4mol H2 per 1 mol of O2 (given amounts ratio)

This last number is LARGER (4) compared to the one for the
balanced Equation ratio (2). Thus, there is too much of the reactant
in the numerator (the H2) and there is too little of the reactant in
the denominator (the O2). Thus, the oxygen is the limiting reactant
 Is there a limiting reagent in the
reaction of 4g of H and 16g of O to
make water?

• A. Yes, oxygen limits

• B No, no limiting reagent
• C Yes, the hydrogen limits
• D I don’t know what the heck is happening
 Yield of the Reaction
Yield: amount of product made from a given
amount of limiting reactant. Theoretically it
should be 100%, but there are always losses
from secondary reactions or experimental
methods.
% Yield = experimental amount/theoretical
amount x 100
 Example
CH4 + O2 ---→ CO2 + H2O

What is the yield of this reaction, if 160g of

methane were reacted with an excess of air and
100g of water were recovered?
First, we balance the equation.

CH4 + 2O2 ---→ CO2 + 2 H2O

We can use these conversion factors to connect

the amounts given (methane and water)
2mol H2O /1mol CH4 and 1mol/16gCH4
 Example
CH4 + O2 ---→ CO2 + 2H2O
Equation: 1mol (16g) 2 mol ( 36g)
Given: 160g 100g

we know that 2mol H2O /1mol CH4 and 16gCH4/1mol

160 g CH4 x 1mol CH4/16gCH4 = 10mol CH4

2mol H2O /1mol CH4 x 10mol CH4 = 20 mol H2O

20 mol H2O x 18g/mol H2O = 360g H2O

(maximum amount according to equation)
% Yield =(experimental amount/theoretical amount) x 100

Experimental= 100g H2O

Theoretical = 360 g H2O

Yield = 100g H2O / 360g H2O x 100 = 27%

Or we can do it FASTER BY USING MASS TO MASS

CONVERSION FACTORS!
 Example
CH4 + O2 ---→ CO2 + H2O

What is the yield of this reaction, if 160g of methane

were reacted with an excess of air and 100g of water
were recovered?
First, we balance the equation.
CH4 + O2 ---→ CO2 + 2H2O
Equation: 1mol (16g) 2 mol
( 36g)
Given: 160g 100g

Then, since 36g of water (2mol) are produced by 16g

(1mol) of methane, we can use the following
conversion factor: 36g H2O /16g CH4
Multiplying the 160g CH4 x 36g H2O/ 16g CH4 =
360g H2O
This gives us the expected (theoretical) amount of
water. But we only obtained 100g of water. Thus,
we have less water than expected. Our percentage
recovery or YIELD was
% YIELD = exp. amount/theoretical amount x 100

YIELD = 100g water/360g water expected x 100 = 27%

 10g of Mg react with enough O2 and 10g of MgO are obtained.
What’s the yield?
2Mg + O2 = 2MgO

• A. 20.0%
• B 50.0%
• C 80.1%
• D 60.2%
What’s the yield of the reaction below if 23g of NaOH are obtained
from 23gNa?
Na + H2O = NaOH + 0.5H2

• A. 23.0%
• B 57.5%
• C 64.1%
• D 50.1%
 How many grams of Li2O can be
made from 6.9g of Li?(Li = 6.9, O = 16)
Li + O2 = Li2O

A. 36.5g
B. 29.8g
C. 14.9g
D. 22.9g
 3 C+ 1.5O2 + Fe2O3 → 2 Fe + 3 CO2
A mixture of C, O and Fe2O3 in the amounts C= 12g, O = 32g and Fe2O3= 160g react. Is
there a limiting reactant (s)?
C=12,O=16,Fe=56

• A Yes, oxygen
• B Yes, carbon and oxygen limit
• C No, there are in proper proportions
• D. Yes, carbon
 Quantitative Analysis of a Mixture
• We can calculate the amount of a substance in a mixture by
using stoichiometry. For example,
• Calculate the amount of Silver (Ag) in a 10 gram ring that was
dissolved in excess sulfuric acid to produce 10 g of Ag2SO4

Ring (10g other metals?+Silver) + H2SO4 

Ag2SO4 (10g of solid) + other metals sulfates in solution + H2

If the ring is pure silver, then the amount of Ag in the Ag2SO4

obtained should be 10g. If it is less than 10g, the ring was not
Pure, and the % of Silver in the ring would be:

% Silver in ring = silver in Ag2SO4/10g of ring x100

• H2SO4 + 2Ag ---- Ag2SO4 (s) + H2

• We need to know how much Ag is in 10 grams

of Ag2SO4 and compare that amount with the
10g of the silver ring.

• From the formula Ag2SO4 ,we can get the

conversion factors:

• 2mol Ag / 1mol Ag2SO4 ;

1molAg2SO4 /2mol Ag
• 2mol Ag / 1mol Ag2SO4 ;
1molAg2SO4 /2mol Ag

• These mole ratios are the same as:

215.16 Ag / 311g Ag2SO4 ;
311g Ag2SO4 / 215.16 Ag

Since we have 10g of Ag2SO4,we can calculate the grams

of Ag in them.

Ag = 10g Ag2SO4 x 215.16gAg / 311g Ag2SO4

= 6.9 g Ag
% Silver in ring = silver in Ag2SO4/10g of ring x100

Purity = 6.9gAg/10gRing x 100

= 69% silver
What’s the purity of a 30.4g gold ring that after reacting with aqua
regia produced 30.4g of HAuCl3? (Mw=304.5), Au=197,Cl=35.5,H=1

• A. 20.0%
• B 50.0%
• C 64.1%
• D 59%
 Molarity
• If we dissolve salt (solute) in water (solvent),
we have a solution. How much salt per
amount of solution is the concentration of
this solution.
• A scientific way to express concentration is
Molarity (M) = number of moles of solute
(n)/volume of solution (solvent + solute) in
liters. M =n/V. The symbol [X] means
molarity of X. To prepare a 1 molar (1M)
solution, a mol of substance is dissolved in
enough solvent to make a liter of solution.
 Or 1M = 1mole solute/1 liter of solution.
• Note that the 1 liter of solution is the sum of the
volumes of solute + solvent. WE DO NOT USE 1
LITER OF SOLVENT, we use enough solvent to
make a liter of solution.
• However, we do not need to prepare a one liter
solution in order to prepare a 1M solution. If we
use half a mole of solute in half of the solvent
needed for one liter solution, we will have
prepared half a liter of a 1molar solution. The
ratio of moles of solute to volume of solution
(volume of solute + solvent) has remained
constant, 1M.
• 1 M = 0.5 mole solute/0.5 liters of solution
 M = n/V(liters)

Here [NaCl] = [Na+] = [Cl-]

 Calculation of Molarity
What is the molarity of 0.500 L NaOH solution
if it
contains 6.00 g NaOH?

STEP 1 Given 6.00 g NaOH in 0.500 L solution

Need molarity (mole/L)

STEP 2 Plan g NaOH mole NaOH molarity

 Calculation of Molarity (cont.)

STEP 3 Conversion factors 1 mole NaOH = 40.0 g

1 mole NaOH and 40.0 g NaOH
40.0 g NaOH 1 mole NaOH

STEP 4 Calculate molarity.

6.00 g NaOH x 1 mole NaOH = 0.150 mole
40.0 g NaOH

0.150 mole = 0.300 mole = 0.300 M NaOH

0.500 L 1L
If 289.1g of MgCl2 are dissolved in water to a 500mL
volume, what’s the molarity in MgCl2 and the molarity
of Cl- ions, respectively? (MW MgCl2 = 95.3g/mol)

A. 0.5782 M, 0.5782 M
B. 1.518 M, 4.050 M
C. 6.071 M, 12.13 M
D. 0.5505 M, 1.100M
What's the molarity of your blood sugar if you ate a
36g glucose candy bar and your body
has a 5L blood volume?
(MW glucose = 180g/mol)

A. 0.1M
B. 0.2M
C. 0.04M
D. 0.002M
 Another Problem
• How many moles and grams of CaCl2 (MW=
111g/mol) are dissolved in 100 ml of a 0.2 M
solution?
Answer: Using the equation
M = n/V(liters) , we can isolated moles (n).
n = M x V = 0.2 M x 0.1L = 0.02 moles CaCl2

Now, to converts moles to grams, we use

n = mass/MWg. Then,
mass = n x MWg = 0.02mol x 111g/mol= 2.22
grams of CaCl2
 Pure Substances Concentration
• Pure water can be considered to be a solute
and a solvent. Thus, the [H2O] of water in
water is the moles of water in 1 L of water.
• 1L water weights 1000g. This is in moles
equal to
• Moles H2O = 1000g x 1mol/18g H2O = 55.5 M
PURE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS HAVE SAME MOLARITY REGARLESS OF VOLUME

PURE water
55.5mol/L
 Dilution

In a dilution
• water is added.
• volume increases.
• concentration decreases. But total #
particles constant
 Dilution Equation
• If we add additional solvent to a given solution, then the solution
gets diluted and equation below can be used. This equation shows
the equality of moles or mass of solute before and after the
dilution. Moles = VxM

V1C1 = V2C2
Where V1= volume of concentrated solution
C1= concentration of concentrated solution
V2= volume of diluted solution
C2= concentration of diluted solution
This equation works for any kind of concentration
units, except for molality (Gen. Chem. II)
 V1M1 = V2M2
• The formula V1C1 = V2C2 can be applied to a dilution
in terms of molarity.
• If we add solvent to a concentrated solution of
molarity M1, we obtain a diluted solution of
molarity M2. Here the number of particles
dissolved DOES NOT CHANGE only the total
volume where they are dissolved. In other words,
the number of moles (n) before and after adding
more solvent stay constant.
• M1 = n/V1 and M2 = n/V2
Or M 1V 1 = n = M 2V 2
 Examples
What is the final concentration of a solution
made by adding 200mL of water to 100 mL of a
2 M solution of glucose?

• V1 = 100mL, V2=300mL, C1=2M, C2= ?

from V1C1 = V2C2 we isolate C2=V1C1/V2=

100mL x 2M / 300mL = 0.6 M
What volume (v1) of a 4M salt solution is
needed to prepare 50 mL (v2) of a 1M salt
solution? V1M1 = V2M2

Given: C1= 4M, C2 = 1M, V2=50mL, need V1 = ?mL,

from V1C1 = V2C2 we isolate V1=V2C2/C1=
50mL x1M / 4M = 12.5 mL of conc. Solution

We take 12.5mL of concentrated solution

and we add (50-12.5=37.5)mL of water to end up
with the final volume of 50mL
 Another Molarity Problem
What is the sucrose molarity of a 2 L solution
prepared with 380g of sucrose that contained
10% mannose as impurity (90% sucrose)?
(MWsucrose=342g/mol)

• Answer: First, we need the amount of pure

sucrose = 380g x 90/100 =342g.
• Second, we need the moles in 342g sucrose
342g x 1mol/342g = 1mol
M = n/V(liters) = 1mol/2L = 0.5M
What is the molarity of a solution of HCl prepared by
adding 300mL water to 100mL of a 8M
HCl solution?

A. 4M
B. 2.5M
C. 2M
D. 1M
What volume of water must be added to 30mL of a
20% sugar solution to make it 5%.

Given: C1= 20%, C2 = 5%, V1 =30mL,

?V2 = V1 + water; or Water = V2 –V1
from V1C1 = V2C2

we isolate V2=V1C1/C2

V2 = 30mL x20% / 5% = 120mL (this is V2)

Water = V2-V1 = 120mL – 30mL = 90mL water
pH, a Concentration Scale for Acids
and Bases
Water can act as acid or base
depending on it’s presented to it
 Ionization of Water
In water,
• H+ is transferred from one H2O molecule to
another. Only one in a billion molecules do this!
• one water molecule acts as an acid, while another
acts as a base.

H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH−

10-7M 10-7M

water + water hydronium hydroxide

ion (+) ion (-)
In pure water, this occurs in 1:109 molecules of H2O
 Ion Product of Water, Kw

The ion product constant, Kw, for water

• is the product of the molar concentrations of the
hydronium and hydroxide ions.
Kw = [ H3O+] [ OH− ]
• can be obtained from the concentrations in pure water.
Kw = [ H3O+] [ OH− ]
Kw = [1.0 x 10− 7 M] x [ 1.0 x 10− 7 M]
= 1.0 x 10− 14 M2
If acid or base is added to water the [H3O+] and [OH−]
change, but not their product
 pH and pOH Definition
• pH = -Log [H+]
• Pure water has a [H+] = 10-7 M
• -log[10-7] = 7

• pOH = -Log [OH-]

pH + pOH = 14
• What’s the pOH of pure water?
 Kw=[H+] [OH-]= 10-14 M2

pH [H+] [OH-] pOH

0 (100)1 0.00000000000001(10-14) 14
1 (10-1)0.1 0.000000000001(10-13) 13
2 (10-2)0.01 0.00000000001(10-12) 12
3 (10-3)0.001 0.0000000001(10-11) 11

4 (10-4)0.0001 0.000000001(10-10) 10
5 (10-5)0.00001 0.00000001(10-9) 9

6 (10-6)0.000001 0.0000001(10-8) 8
7 (10-7)0.0000001 0.000001(10-7) 7

8 (10-8)0.00000001 0.00001(10-6) 6
9 (10-9)0.000000001 0.0001(10-5) 5

10 (10-10)0.000000001 0.0001(10-4) 4

11 (10-11)0.0000000001 0.001(10-3) 3

12 (10-12)0.00000000001 0.01(10-2) 2
13 (10-13)0.000000000001 0.1(10-1) 1

-14 0
 pH Problem, acids

• What is the pH of a 0.05M solution of H2SO4?

• First we need to find concentration of H+
[H+] = 2 x 0.05M = 0.1M
Then, we apply the formula
pH= -log[H+] = -log(0.1) = -1(-1)= 1
So, pH = 1
as expected for an acid the pH is below 7
What's the pH of a 0.01M solution of HCl?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
What's the pH of a a 0.05M solution of H 2SO4?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
The pH of the previous acid (H 2SO4) was 1, what will
be the pH of a solution of the same acid that is 10
times more diluted?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
 pH Problem, bases
• What is the pH of a 0.05M solution of
Ba(OH)2?
• First we need to find the pOH, or
pOH = -log[OH] = -1log [2x0.05]
= -log(0.1) = -1(-1)= 1
Then, we apply pH + pOH = 14.
So, pH = 14-1 = 13
as expected for a base the pH is above 7
 Neutralization
• We have seen that strong acids and bases
react to form salts plus water. And the final
pH of the salt solution formed is 7 or NEUTRAL
• This is called a NEUTRALIZATION of acid with
base or viceversa
• The neutralization condition is that the
number of protons reacted is the same as the
number of hydroxyl groups reacted to form
water
 Titration
• If the acid and the base are monoprotic and
monobasic, respectively, then the following
equation can be used. This equation shows
the equality of moles of acid and base used.
• VaMa = VbMb
Where Va= volume of acid
Vb= volume of base
Ma= Molarity of acid
Mb= Molarity of base
 Example of Titration
• In a titration, it is found that 25.0 mL of 0.500M
NaOH is required to react with 15.0 mL of HCl.
What’s the concentration of HCl?
Va = 15.0 mL, Vb = 25.0 mL, Mb =0.5000M
Ma =?,
VaMa = VbMb and Ma = VbMb / Va =

0.0250L x 0.500 M / 0.0150L = 0.833M

 Titration of Polyprotic Acids and
Polyhydroxylic Bases
• For neutralizations such as
2H3PO4 + 3Ba(OH)2 = Ba3(PO4 )2+ 6H2O

the equation (the Haces’ equation) applies

#H x Vacid x Macid = # OH x Vbase x Mbase

Where #H = number of hydrogens in acid

#(OH) = number of OHs in base
 Titration of Polyprotic Acids and
Polyhydroxylic Bases (contd.)
• This equation applies to ANY acid/ base pair.
Example: 50.mL of H3PO4were neutralized with
100.mL of 0.50M Ba(OH)2 what’s the acid’s
molarity?
H3PO4 + Ba(OH)2 = Ba3(PO4)2 + H2O
#H x Vacid x Macid = # OH x Vbase x Mbase
3x 50.mL x Ma = 2 x 100.mL x 0.50M
Macid = 100M/150 = 0.66M
Note that there was no need to balance the equation
If 20mL of H3PO4 were neutralized by 10ml of 3M
Mg(OH)2, what's the molarity of the acid?

A. 3M
B. 2.5M
C. 2M
D. 1M
 Book’s Special Case: a non- Arrhenius base, a
Bronsted-Lowry base
• Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases.
A proton donor is an ACID (same a Arrhenius)
A proton acceptor is a BASE
• NH3 is base, NH4+ is an acid
• CO3-2 is a base, H2CO3 an acid
• HCL + CaCO3 = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
• What mass of CaCO3 reacts with V=25ml of 0.75M
HCl?
Book’s Special Case: a non- Arrhenius base, a
Bronsted-Lowry base
2HCL + CaCO3 = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
What mass of CaCO3 reacts with V=25ml of 0.75M
HCl?
Here we modify the Haces’ equation as follows:
Vax Ma x #H = moles base x # H accepted
0.025L x 0.75M x1 = moles CaCO3 x 2
Or moles CaCO3 = 0.025 x 0.75/2 = 0.0094mol
And in grams = 0.0094mol x 100g CaCO3/mol =
0.94g
Order the following compounds in increasing order of
acidity
HF, NH3, HCl, NaOH

A. NaOH, NH3, HF, HCl

B. NH3, HCl, NaOH, HF
C. NaOH, HF, HCl, NH3
D. They are equally acidic