General Physics

Review PPT

Instructor: Xiao, Yong ( 肖湧 )

1
Thermal Physics

22
 Mass & atomic number

The mass of proton is very close to neutron, but about

1836 times of electron.

mp mp
1, 1836
mn me
The total number of protons and neutrons in a given atom
is called mass number, A. The atomic number, Z, which
denotes the number of protons in nucleus. Thus we can
uniquely identify an element. The neutron number N is
N=A-Z.

3
 Avogadro’s Number
• The mole (abbreviated mol) is a unit of measurement used
to express amounts of a substance, defined as the amount
of any substance that contains as many elementary entities
as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.

• The number of constituent particles in a mole is known as

Avogadro’s number:

23
N A 6.02 10 / mol

4
 Atomic Theory
The total number of protons and neutrons in a
given atom is called mass number, A. The A
atomic number, Z, which denotes the number
Z X
of protons in nucleus
Neutron Number
Element Atomic Number (Z) Mass Number (A)
(N)
1 0 1

2 2 4

6 6 12

 27
1u 1.66 10 kg
5
 Atomic Theory: Example
1. Distance between atoms. The density of copper-63 is
8.9×103kg/m3 . Estimate the average distance between
neighboring atoms.
The mass of one copper atom is
mCu 63u 1.05 10 25 kg
In a cube of 1m on a side, the mass is
8.9×103kg, therefore the number of
copper atom is: 8.9 103 28
 25
8.5 10
1.05 10
N 3 8.5 1028
N 4.4 109
o
 10
dCu 1/ N 2.4 10 m 2.4 A
6
 The Ideal Gas Law

The ideal gas law can be written in terms of the

number of molecules:
R
PV nRT N T  N k BT
NA
PV  Nk BT
where k B  R N is called Boltzmann’s constant:
A

 23
R 8.314 J / (mol K ) k B 1.38 10 J/K

7
 Questions
• Example
1. Determine the volume of 1.00mol of air at 20℃ and 1atm.

T 20 C 293.15 K , P 1atm 1.013 105 N / m 2

nRT 1mol 8.314 J / (mol K ) 293.15 K 2 3
V  5 2
2.4 10 m
P 1.013 10 N / m
2. Estimate the mass of air in classroom at 20℃.
Assume the volume is V 10 20 3m3 6 10 2 m 3
So the amount of substance of air is:
6 102 4
So the mass of air: n 2
mol 2.5 10 mol
2.4 10
4
m 0.029kg / mol 2.5 10 mol 725kg 8
 Average Velocity in Gas

We define the root-mean-square velocity as:

3k BT
2
vrms  v 
m
• Example
Estimate speed of air molecules at room temperature
(20℃) T 20 C 293.15K
3 (1.38 10 23 J / K ) (293.15 K )
vrms (O2 )   27
480m / s
32 1.66 10 kg
3 (1.38 10 23 J / K ) (293.15 K )
vrms ( N 2 )   27
510m / s
28 1.66 10 kg
3 (1.38 10 23 J / K ) (293.15 K )
vrms (He)   27
1357 m / s
4 1.66 10 kg 9
 Internal Energy

• The sum total of all the energy of all molecules in an

object is called its internal energy

• The internal energy of ideal gas with the total number of

molecules :

1010
 Quick Questions
• A storage tank contains of nitrogen at pressure . What
will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by equal
mass of carbon dioxide at the same temperature?

• If temperature raised from to , by what factor will the

rms speed of gas molecules increase?

11
 Galileo Thermometer
• Galileo thermometer is a tool to measure temperature invented by Italy
physicist Galileo (1564-1642) based on the principle of thermal
expansion and contraction of matter.
• It is made of a glass tube with an open end and a walnut-sized glass
bubble at the other. As the temperature changes, the water surface in
the glass tube moves up and down.

1212
 Galileo Thermometer Principle
• For a Galileo thermometer, the volume of the ball is 200, the
height outside the water surface of the cylinder below is 10cm,
the cross-sectional area is 2 the height of the water surface
inside and outside the bottle is the same, and the temperature
is 27 After a period of time, the water surface rises by 2cm,
what is the current temperature? It is assumed that the outside
atmospheric pressure always remains the same.

1313
 Barometric Formula (III)
• Assume constant temperature, the solution is
mg
 y
P P0 e k BT
P0 e  y / H 0

where P0 is the pressure at y=0.

• Assume

k BT
H0  7.99 103 m 8.0km
mg
• So the pressure is small when height is greater than 8.0km.
• Using , the air/oxygen density follows similar exponential
decay trend: .
14
 Van’t Hoff's law
• Van’t Hoff's law (1886): for a dilute solution, the osmotic
pressure is proportional to the concentration and
temperature of the solution, and its proportionality constant
is the constant R in the gas equation of state.

where is the osmotic pressure of the dilute solution, and the

unit is ; is the volume of the solution; is the amount of solute
substance; is the concentration of the solution with unit of ; is
the gas constant equaling to ; is the absolute temperature in .

1515
 Thermal Expansion, Specific Heat
• Experiments indicate that the change in length, of almost all
solids directly proportional to the change in temperature, and
to the original length of the object:

l  l0 T

• If heat flows into an object, the object’s temperature rises.

• How much energy does it need to rise a few degrees in
temperature? Lots of experimental results illustrate a
formula:
Q CmT

16
 Specific Heat
• Example

A gun horizontally fires a bullet of mass m with speed v0

=250m/s into a wooden block of mass M （ 200g ） resting on
a smooth surface. The bullet remains embedded in the
wooden block after collision.
Assume the heat produced during the collision is totally
absorbed by the bullet(5g) and the bullet is made up of
copper:Cp=385J/(kg*K) , and all the heat is absorbed by the
bullet.
Determine the temperature change of the bullet.

17
 Specific Heat
• Solution:
Momentum conservation:
mv0  M 0 ( M  m)v
m
v v0
mM

Kinetic energy lost during the collision is converted into heat:

2
1 1 1 1  m  2
Q  mv0 2  (m  M )v 2  mv0 2  (m  M )   v0
2 2 2 2  mM 
1 2 1 m2 2 1 mM
Q  mv0  v0  v0 2
2 2 mM 2 mM
18
 Specific Heat
So the temperature changing can be determined by:

Q CmT
1 mM
v0 2
Q 2 M m
T  
cm Cm
Mv0 2
T 
2C ( M  m)

 250m / s 
2
200 g
T  ~ 79 K
200 g  5 g 2*385 J / (kg * K )

19
 Example ： Heat therapy
• When people break their feet, heat therapy using ice can relieve
symptoms. Assuming that the temperature of the ankle is 5 ℃, the
recovery effect is the best. The specific heat capacity of the person is
about 3.4 J / (g · ℃), and the ankle is about 1kg weight. When an ice
cube is applied to the ankle, it can absorb 200J of heat per second. If
the initial temperature of the ankle is 37 ℃, how long can the ankle
reach the most suitable temperature?

2020
 Example ： Heat therapy
• When people break their feet, heat therapy using ice can relieve
symptoms. Assuming that the temperature of the ankle is 5 ℃, the
recovery effect is the best. The specific heat capacity of the person is
about 3.4 J / (g · ℃), and the ankle is about 1kg weight. When an ice
cube is applied to the ankle, it can absorb 200J of heat per second. If
the initial temperature of the ankle is 37 ℃, how long can the ankle
reach the most suitable temperature?

• Answer:

2121
Electromagnetism

2222
 Coulomb’s Law & The Electric Field
Q1Q2  F21 Q1 
F21 k 2 r12 E1  k 2 r12
r12 Q2 r12
1
k  0 8.85 10 C 2
 12
4 0 N m 2

k 8.99 109 N m 2 / C2 9.0 109 N m2 / C2

e 1.602 10 19 C

23
Charged Particle & Electric Dipoles

d 2x
F qE F m a m 2
dt

p Ql
• Electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field E
would have a torque on it, which has magnitude:
τ = p Ε
• The work done on the dipole is
2 2
W   d  pE  sin  d  pE (cos  2  cos 1 )
1 1 24
 Quick Question

• 1. Calculate the net force on the negative charge.

1.5C -0.6C 0.5C

0.55m 0.15m

• 2. A dipole consists of charges +e and –e

separated by 0.68nm. It is in an electric field
• E 2.2 10 4 N / C
(a)what is the value of the dipole moment?
(b)what is the torque on the dipole when it is
perpendicular to the field?
25
 Electric Field & Force
•

26
 Electric Flux

Electric Flux is defined as

 E E A E  A E A cos 

To compute electric flux going through

arbitrary surface, we divide this
surface into many small parts: surface
elements. The we add the electric flux
on each surface elements together by
integration:
n
 E  Ei A i  dA E
i 1
27
 Gauss’s Law

 E dA E
Q Q
4 r 
2

4 0 r 2
0
Q
dA E 
0

28
29
 Electric Potential & Energy

Define the change in electric potential

energy to be the negative work done by
the electric field to a test charge as it
moves from a to b

U b  U a  W
 qE ( xb  xa )  qEd
The electric potential is define as
Ua
Va  , V Vb  Va  E d
q
30
 Electric Current
• Any flow of charge is called an electric current, which is
defined as the net amount of charge that passed through
the wire’s full cross section at any point per unit time

• Electric current is measured in or

,

3131
 Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s Law: for a given voltage , the higher the
resistance, the less the current is

• Or alternatively, the potential drop is proportional to

resistance and current

3232
 Force on electric current and charge

•
F Il B

• Ampère’s law: 0 I
B
2 r

33
 Magnetic Dipole Moment
•

𝑼 =− 𝝁 𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
34
Quick Questions

35
 Quick Questions

• Show that the magnetic dipole moment μ of an

electron orbiting the proton nucleus of a hydrogen
atom is related to the orbital(angular) momentum
L of the electron by

e
 L
2m

36
 Force on an Electric Charge
• Example:
An electron travels at in a plane
perpendicular to a uniform 0.01T magnetic
field. Describe its path quantitatively.

The Newton’s law:

37
Magnetic flux

38
Faraday’s Law

39
Faraday’s Law: Example

40
EMF induced in conductor

41
 Quick Questions
• 1. A circular wire loop of radius r=12cm is
immersed in a uniform magnetic field B=0.50T with
its plane normal to the direction of the field. If the
field magnitude then decrease at a constant rate of
-0.010T/s, at what rate should r increase so that
the induced electromagnetic field within the loop is
zero?

42
Quick Questions

43
 Force on Current Formula

• The magnetic force on current takes the form of:

where the vector points towards the direction of the

current. The SI unit for magnetic field B is the tesla
(T): .

• If B is not uniform, or if the wire does not

everywhere make the same angle with B, then the
equation can be written more generally as:

44
 Force on Electric Current: Example
• Example:
A wire carrying a 30A current has a length
at an angle with the
magnetic field which is uniform at 0.90 T.
Calculate the magnitude of the force on
the wire.

The force:

45
 Electric Circuit
• Current
• Ohm’s Law :
• Capacitance: ; Parallel-plate capacitor:
• Mutual inductance:
• Self inductance:

4646
 Resistors in Series and in Parallel
• When two or more resistors
are connected end to end
along a single path, they
are said to be connected in
series.
• From Ohm’s law:

47
Resistors in Parallel

48
Capacitors in Series and Parallel

49
Capacitors in Series and Parallel

50
 Energy in Capacitor and Inductor

• Energy stored in a capacitor:

• Energy stored in an inductor:

• Resistor only dissipate electromagnetic energy

into heat

51
Inductor & LC circuit
dI
 L
dt

52
 Electricity in the Body: Neurons
• Human body contains ~100B neurons, which are
connected via transmitting information from one to another
by electric impulses
• Neuron: soma(cell body), axon, axon terminal, dendrites

• Axon is fiber-like extension

filled with jellylike axoplasm,
reaching up to 1m long; axon
is made of 2mm-long
connected segments with
diameters from to
• Some neurons has an
insulating layer called myelin
sheath
5353
 Resistance of Neuron
• Consider the nerve axon as an electric wire with
electric resistance
• The resistivity for both myelinated and unmyelinated
neurons is
• The resistance for a 2.0-mm long segment with radius
of

5454
Capacitance of Cell Membrane

Capacitance

5555
Example: Capacitance of lipid bilayer

Q: What is the capacitance per unit area for a lipid bilayer of

(a) unmyelinated axon, where , and
(b) Myelinated axon, where the myelinated sheath effectively
increases the thickness of the lipid bilayer by a factor of .

Answer: (a)

(b)

5656
 Nucleons as Magnet
• Spinning nucleons (protons and neutrons)
act like moving charges or currents and
produce tiny magnets or dipole fields

• The nucleon spin or tiny magnet will rotate

around an external magnetic field with a
precession frequency called Larmor
frequency:

where for proton (hydrogen nucleon)

5757
 T1 and T2 Relaxation
RF-pulse: Net magnetization can be rotated
from z-axis to y-axis, if an x-direction radio
frequency (RF) electromagnetic wave is
emitted and resonates with the hydrogen
nuclear spin

5858
1. It is assumed that the proton density of the two tissues (A and B) is the same and
the initial magnetization is M0 under a magnetic field of 1.5 T. Their T1 and T2
relaxation times are as follows: Tissue A: T1 = 600 ms, T2 = 60 ms Tissue B: T1 =
1200 ms, T2 = 90 ms Imaging was performed using a spin-echo sequence. If TR =
800 ms and TE = 40 ms, calculate the signal intensity of tissue A and tissue B at
the time of imaging, respectively (assuming that the signal intensity is
proportional to the transverse magnetization). If TR = 2000 ms and TE = 80 ms,
calculate the signal strength of tissue A and tissue B again.

5959