Rws Lessons 1112

Writing in the Humanities
Reading and Writing Skills 12

HUMANITIES
 a collective term for the arts, languages, and philosophies

 involves literature, music, film, and history
Purposes of the Humanities:

 to mediate objects of human culture for its audience
 to convince or persuade
Characteristics of a Humanities-Related
Text
1. It contains topics or claims that are debatable.

2. It may cause counterarguments.
3. It uses abstract nouns and less specific word choice.
4. It may have both denotations and connotations.
5. It uses first-person and/or third-person pronouns.
Common Writings in the Humanities
 CRITIQUE
- contains a writer’s opinion of the quality of any piece of writing or work of art
- contains an in-depth analysis of a work or theory
- often written by subject-matter experts, also known as critics, of the relevant
field
- may analyze works technically, scientifically, or academically
 REVIEW
- written by reviewers who are not considered experts
- assesses a particular work, such as a movie, book, or music
- conveys a reviewer’s opinion on the subject, which means reviews are not
considered as reliable as critiques
- does not entail as much analysis as a critique
- contains general information, overall impressions, or personal opinions of the
reviewer
The American
Psychological Association
(APA) and the Modern
Language Association
(MLA) Citation Guides
Reading and Writing Skills 12
CITATION
 the quoting of a passage, book, or author as evidence for or justification of an

argument or statement
 acknowledges other authors’ or scholars’ work and fortifies the validity of
your own ideas or content
Citation Guides
 carefully crafted formats that are used to acknowledge sources of information

 styles vary depending on the prescribed guide by the university or the field of
study
 two common styles: American Psychological Association (APA) and
Modern Language Association (MLA)
Elements of Citation:
 Author’s name
 Title of work (book, article, etc.)
 Year of publication
 Page number(s)
 Volume or issue number(s) or edition(s)
Basic Steps of Citation
1. Determine the type of source.

2. Identify the structure for the source and key in the source’s
information.
3. Add your source to the reference list.
4. Add the in-text citation.
In-Text Citations
 These are also called parenthetical citations.

 When a writer uses a phrase or paragraph from another source, he or she
encloses the verbatim piece in quotation marks or paraphrases it and cites
the source by placing the information inside the parentheses.
 The source of information provided in an in-text citation should correspond to
the reference list.
Formatting In-Text Citations
 Short Quotations
- usually fewer than 40 words
- either paraphrased or enclosed in quotation marks
APA Format
 Begin with the author’s last name followed by the year of publication of the
work. Then present the quoted or paraphrased material and include the page
where it can be found.
 Alternatively, you can present the paraphrased or quoted material first and
then the information about the source: the last name of the author, the year
of publication, and the page numbers, all of which are enclosed in
parentheses.
According to Sanchez (2017), “Sustainability needs to be a concern not just of
environmentalists but of everyone, particularly companies” (p. 3).
“Sustainability needs to be a concern not just of environmentalists but of everyone,

particularly companies” (Sanchez, 2017, p. 3).
MLA Format
This format follows an author-page structure. The author’s last name is

presented first, and then it is followed by the page number(s). The author-page
structure works in two ways.
First, mention the author’s name within the sentence along with the quoted line.
Indicate the page number(s) in a parenthesis after the closing quotation mark.
Second, the quoted line can go first and then the author and page number are
indicated in a parenthesis and placed after the closing quotation mark.
According to Sanchez, “Sustainability needs to be a concern not just of
environmentalists but of everyone, particularly companies” (3).
“Sustainability needs to be a concern not just of environmentalists but of everyone,

particularly companies” (Sanchez 3).
Formatting In-Text Citations
 Long Quotations
- contain at least 40 words
- also called a block quotation
- set apart from the main text
APA Format
 Introduce the author’s last name first and then indicate the year of
publication enclosed in parentheses. Present the passage without quotation
marks. Place the page number(s) enclosed in parentheses after the period.
Indent the block quotation a half inch from the left margin.
In his paper, Sanchez (2017) noted that:

Buying secondhand clothes, recycling, eating locally, using reusable bags, and
avoiding purchasing things wrapped in plastic are all good practices, but they do
very little for sustainability. If we want to make the world a more sustainable
place, companies across the globe should adopt more sustainable practices. (p. 4)
MLA Format
 Set the quote in a block quotation if it is more than four lines

long for prose, three lines long for poetry, or two paragraphs
long. The writer may add introductory sentences that include the
author’s last name or, after the period, include the author’s last
name and page number. Enclose them in parentheses.
MLA Format (Prose)
In his speech, the author has this to say:

Even a criminal is entitled to fair play; and certainly when a man who has done no harm has
been unjustly treated, he is privileged to do his best to right himself. My attention has just
been called to an article some three years old in a French Magazine entitled, ‘Revue des Deux
Mondes’ (Review of Some Two Worlds), wherein the writer treats of “Les Humoristes
Americaines” (These Humorist Americans). I am one of these humorist American dissected by
him, and hence the complaint I am making. (Twain 3)
MLA Format (Poetry)
Summer is gone with all its roses,

Its sun and perfumes and sweet flowers,
Its warm air and refreshing showers:
And even Autumn closes. (Rossetti 69)
MLA Format (Two Paragraphs or
More)
In “Compliments and Degrees,” Mark Twain says,

I wish to begin this time at the beginning, lest I forget it altogether; that is to say, I wish to
thank you for this welcome that you are giving, and the welcome which you gave me seven
years ago, and which I forgot to thank you for at that time. I also wish to thank you for the
welcome you gave me fourteen years ago, which I also forgot to thank you for at the time.
I hope you will continue this custom to give me a dinner every seven years before I join
the hosts in the other world—I do not know which world.
Reference List
 usually found at the last section of a published material

 where the sources of information are completely cited
Formatting a Reference List
 BOOKS
a. A book with one author
APA Format - Indicate the author’s last name first and then the initial of his
or her first name. Place the year of publication and enclose it in parentheses.
Set the work’s title in italics. Then, include its publisher.
Uy, K. (2012). The Otherworldly. Kalayaan Books.

MLA Format - Introduce the author’s last name and first name.
Set the title of the work in italics. Indicate the publisher and the
year the work was published.
Uy, Katrina. The Otherworldly. Kalayaan Books, 2012.

b. A book with two authors
APA Format - Indicate the authors’ last names first and then the initial of
their first names. Arrange them in an alphabetical order. Place the year of
publication and enclose it in parentheses. Set the title of the work in italics.
Then, include its publisher. For each reference, make use of the hanging
indent, which means that every additional line should be indented half an
inch to the right of the left margin.
Uy, K. & Zafra, M. (2010). The Sad Ones. Kalayaan Books.

MLA Format - Introduce the first author’s last name and first name and then
the second author’s first and last names. List them in the same order that their
names appeared on the book’s title page. Set the title of the work in italics.
Indicate the publisher and the year the work was published. Like the APA, MLA
uses the hanging indent as well.
Uy, Katrina, and Madeleine Zafra. The Sad Ones. Kalayaan Books, 2010.
 PERIODICALS
a. Journals
APA Format - Indicate the author’s last name and the initial of the first
name. Enclose the issue date in parentheses by stating the year first followed by
the month and the day. Specify the title of the article in sentence case,
followed by the title of the periodical. Set the title of the periodical in
italics and include the volume, issue (in parenthesis), and page range.
Villanueva, R. (2000). Sense and sustainability. The Earth Chronicles, 10(3), 10–11.
MLA Format: State the name of the author and the article’s title as you
normally would. Then, italicize the title of the journal. Cite the volume number
(“vol.”) and issue number (“no.”) when possible, separated by commas. Finally,
add the year and page numbers.
Villanueva, Rochelle. “Sense and sustainability.” The Earth Chronicles,

vol. 10, no. 3, 2000, pp. 10–11.
b. Magazines
APA Format - Indicate the author’s last name and the initial of the first
name. Enclose the issue date in parentheses by stating the year first followed by
the month and the day. Specify the title of the article in sentence case,
followed by the title of the periodical. Set the title of the periodical in italics
and include the issue number and page range.
Lopez, B. (2003). Fashion in the 2000s. The Stylish Woman, 128, 6–7.
MLA Format: Cite the article’s author. Enclose the title of the article in
quotation marks, then italicize the title of the magazine. Then, state the date of
publication. Remember to abbreviate the month.
Lopez, Blaire. “Fashion in the 2000s.” The Stylish Woman, Nov. 2003,
pp. 6–7.
 ELECTRONIC SOURCES
a. Books
APA Format - Indicate the author’s last name and initials of the first and
middle names. Provide the year of publication. Set the title of the work in
italics, then state the publisher. Also, provide the URL or DOI address or the
download host.
Baldwin, J. (1896). Fifty Famous Stories Retold. American Book Company.

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18442/18442-h/18442-h.htm
MLA Format - E-book citations are similar to those for physical books. Just cite
that the book is an e-book by putting the term “E-book” after the title of the
book. Then, indicate the publisher and the year the book was published.
Baldwin, James. Fifty Famous Stories Retold. E-book, American Book

Company, 1896.
b. Periodicals
APA Format - Provide the author’s last name and initials of first and
middle names. Enclose the issue date in parentheses, using the format
“year, month day.” Specify the title of the article and then set the title of the
periodical in italics. Then, state the URL.
Cabalza, D. (2019, September 27). 24-km crawl on SLEx adds to agony

of Metro commute. Inquirer.net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1170156/
24-km-crawl-on-slex-adds-to-agony-of-metro-commute
MLA Format - Provide the author’s last and first names. Enclose the title of the
article in quotation marks. Set the title of the periodical in italics and then
indicate the issue date by following this format: day, abbreviated name of the
month, year. Then indicate the URL address. In providing the date of access,
include the term “Accessed” and then the date: day, abbreviated month, year.
Cabalza, Dexter. “24-km crawl on SLEx adds to agony of Metro commute.”

Inquirer.net, 27 Sept. 2019, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1170156/
24-km-crawl-on-slex-adds-to-agony-of-metro-commute. Accessed 27 Sept.
2019.

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Writing in the Humanities

Reading and Writing Skills 12

 a collective term for the arts, languages, and philosophies

Purposes of the Humanities:

1. It contains topics or claims that are debatable.

 the quoting of a passage, book, or author as evidence for or justification of an

 carefully crafted formats that are used to acknowledge sources of information

1. Determine the type of source.

 These are also called parenthetical citations.

“Sustainability needs to be a concern not just of environmentalists but of everyone,

This format follows an author-page structure. The author’s last name is

“Sustainability needs to be a concern not just of environmentalists but of everyone,

In his paper, Sanchez (2017) noted that:

 Set the quote in a block quotation if it is more than four lines

In his speech, the author has this to say:

Summer is gone with all its roses,

In “Compliments and Degrees,” Mark Twain says,

 usually found at the last section of a published material

Uy, K. (2012). The Otherworldly. Kalayaan Books.

Uy, Katrina. The Otherworldly. Kalayaan Books, 2012.

Uy, K. & Zafra, M. (2010). The Sad Ones. Kalayaan Books.

Villanueva, Rochelle. “Sense and sustainability.” The Earth Chronicles,

Baldwin, J. (1896). Fifty Famous Stories Retold. American Book Company.

Baldwin, James. Fifty Famous Stories Retold. E-book, American Book

Cabalza, D. (2019, September 27). 24-km crawl on SLEx adds to agony

Cabalza, Dexter. “24-km crawl on SLEx adds to agony of Metro commute.”

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