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Drainage

The document discusses the importance of drainage in managing soil saturation during rainfall or irrigation, highlighting the effects of excess water on plant health and pavement structures. It outlines various drainage systems, including open, closed, and combination systems, detailing their components and advantages. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for proper drainage design to prevent flooding, erosion, and to improve usability of areas while considering environmental factors.

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8 views17 pages

Drainage

The document discusses the importance of drainage in managing soil saturation during rainfall or irrigation, highlighting the effects of excess water on plant health and pavement structures. It outlines various drainage systems, including open, closed, and combination systems, detailing their components and advantages. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for proper drainage design to prevent flooding, erosion, and to improve usability of areas while considering environmental factors.

Uploaded by

PREETHI M A
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Drainage

• During rain or irrigation, the soil become wet.

• The water infiltrates into the soil and is stored in its


pores.

• When all the pores are filled with water, the soil is
said to be saturated and no more water can be
absorbed; when rain or irrigation continues, pools
may form on the soil surface

During heavy rainfall the upper soil layers become saturated and pools may
form. Water percolates to deeper layers and infiltrates from the pools.
Part of the water present in the saturated upper soil layers flows downward into deeper layers
and is replaced by water infiltrating from the surface pools.

When there is no more water left on the soil surface, the downward flow continues for a while and
air re-enters in the pores of the soil. This soil is not saturated anymore.

However, saturation may have lasted too long for the plants' health. Plant roots require air as
well as water and most plants cannot withstand saturated soil for long periods (rice is an
exception).

Besides damage to the plant, a very wet soil makes the use of machinery difficult, if not
impossible.
Provision of adequate drainage is Effects of water on the pavement
an essential part of pavement structure
design.
• Presence of moisture causes:
Protection of pavement structure –
Improves road safety • reduction in the stability of the soil
mass.
Can be categorically studied in two
parts: • considerable variation in volume of
subgrade in clayey soils.
• Surface Drainage -Drainage on the
adjoining land and roadway surface • Waves and corrugations failure in
flexible pavements.
• Sub-surface Drainage
• Stripping failure in flexible
pavements.

• Mud pumping failure in rigid


pavements.
The purpose of managing runoff is to ameliorate

• safety and health hazards,

• flooding and property damage,

• stagnation,

• earth slides, and

• reduced soil-bearing capacity;

• to increase the usability of areas through the elimination of unwanted water;

• to provide better growing conditions for plants by increasing soil aeration and reducing soil
saturation;

• to prevent erosion by reducing the rate of flow and volume of runoff.

There are a variety of management techniques that may be used to control storm water runoff.
The context, that is, the purpose and environmental conditions, will influence the selection of
appropriate techniques.
The selection of an appropriate drainage system is based on a variety of factors.

• The scale and intensity of development,

• the amount and location of paved and unpaved surfaces,

• the proposed uses, ecological impacts, and aesthetic concerns must be addressed in
making a choice.

• Physical factors, such as soil erodibility, extent and steepness of slopes, and expected
rainfall intensities, must also be considered.

• the availability and suitability of a potential drainage outlet and the character of existing
local systems may help determine the type of system proposed.

• Building and environmental codes or other regulatory requirements, such as maximum rate
and volume of runoff, water quality, and method of connection to an existing system, must
be met.

• The ultimate objective in designing most storm drainage systems is not to exceed the rate
of flow that existed prior to the development of a site for all storm frequencies.
Open /Surface Drainage System

• In an open drainage system all surface runoff from


paved and unpaved areas is collected and conveyed
on the ground, primarily by swales.

• The system is discharged or directed to an on- or off-


site drainageway, stream, or other natural
watercourse, an existing street or municipal storm
drainage system, or an on-site retention or sediment
pond.

• The components of a system may include swales,


gutters, channels, culverts, and detention, retention,
sediment, or infiltration basins.

• In designing the system, consideration must be given


to the volume and velocity of runoff to prevent swale
erosion, and to the means of controlling discharge at
the outlet in order to collect sediment.
Closed Drainage

System For a closed drainage system, surface runoff


from paved and unpaved areas is collected at surface
inlets and conveyed by underground pipes to an
outlet either on or off the site .

The advantage of this system is that the runoff may


be intercepted before the volume and velocity
increase to the point of causing erosion.

• Disadvantages include increased cost and


complexity of the system,
• potential for erosion at the discharge point due to
the greater concentration of runoff,

• reduced filtering of sediment because of increased


velocity of the storm water in the pipes,

• reduced opportunity for storm water to infiltrate


the soil.
Structures commonly associated with closed systems are catch basins, drain inlets, area
drains, trench drains, manholes, and piping.

There are various piping materials, including reinforced concrete, vitrified clay, corrugated
metal, and plastic.
Combination System

In many cases, the system is a combination of


open and closed drainage Typically, the open
system is used in unpaved areas with the intent of
providing more opportunity for the storm water to
infiltrate the pervious surface, whereas the closed
system is used in paved areas.

The advantages of this system are reduced


construction costs, as compared with a totally
closed system, lower potential for soil erosion
because of reduced volumes of surface runoff, and
lower potential for erosion problems at the outfall
because of lower volumes in the pipes.
Components

Swale

This is a constructed or natural drainage


channel used to direct surface flow.
Constructed swales have parabolic,
trapezoidal, or triangular cross-sections. See
Chapter 5 for a more complete discussion.

Culvert

This is any structure, not classified as a


bridge, that allows a water course to flow
beneath a road, walk, or highway (Figure
10.1). A pipe culvert has a circular, elliptical,
or arch cross-section, and a box culvert has
a rectangular cross-
Catch Basin

This is a structure, typically concrete block


or precast concrete rings, 2.5 to 4 ft. (800 to
1,200 mm) in diameter that is used to
collect and divert surface runoff to an
underground conduction system (Figure
10.2).

A general rule of thumb is that one catch


basin may be used for each 10,000 ft.2 (930
m2) of paved surface. At the base of the
catch basin is a sump or sediment bowl to
trap and collect debris.

Catch basins may also be rectangular.


Drain Inlet

This structure allows surface runoff to enter directly into a drain pipe. It does
not contain a sump
Area Drain

A prefabricated structure, similar to a floor drain, that collects runoff from


paved areas (Figure 10.4).

Usually one is used for each 1,000 to 2,000 ft.2 (90–180 m2) of pavement.
Trench Drain

This is a linear inlet structure used to collect sheet flow runoff in paved areas
Manhole

This is a structure, often 4 ft. (1,200


mm) in diameter, made of concrete
block, precast concrete, or fiberglass-
reinforced plastic rings, that allows a
person to enter a space below
ground.

For storm drainage purposes,


manholes are used where there is a
change in the size, slope, or direction
of underground pipes.

It is more cost-effective if catch


basins and manholes are combined.
Manholes may be rectangular as well.

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