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    Ipv 4

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    Sudhir Maherwal
    This document discusses IPv4 addressing concepts including IP addresses, IP address classes, subnet masking, subnetting, and supernetting. It begins by defining an IP address and discussing the early history and management of IP addresses. It then covers the classes of IP addresses including Class A, B, C, D and E. Subnet masking and how it separates the network and host portions of an IP address is explained. The document discusses two types of subnetting - Full Length Subnet Mask (FLSM) and Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM). Finally, it provides an overview of supernetting and how it combines multiple subnets into a single supernetwork.

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    Ipv 4

    Uploaded by

    Sudhir Maherwal
    2K views32 pages
    This document discusses IPv4 addressing concepts including IP addresses, IP address classes, subnet masking, subnetting, and supernetting. It begins by defining an IP address and discussing the early history and management of IP addresses. It then covers the classes of IP addresses including Class A, B, C, D and E. Subnet masking and how it separates the network and host portions of an IP address is explained. The document discusses two types of subnetting - Full Length Subnet Mask (FLSM) and Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM). Finally, it provides an overview of supernetting and how it combines multiple subnets into a single supernetwork.

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    This document discusses IPv4 addressing concepts including IP addresses, IP address classes, subnet masking, subnetting, and supernetting. It begins by defining an IP address and discussing the early history and management of IP addresses. It then covers the classes of IP addresses including Class A, B, C, D and E. Subnet masking and how it separates the network and host portions of an IP address is explained. The document discusses two types of subnetting - Full Length Subnet Mask (FLSM) and Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM). Finally, it provides an overview of supernetting and how it combines multiple subnets into a single supernetwork.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    2K views32 pages

    Ipv 4

    Uploaded by

    Sudhir Maherwal
    This document discusses IPv4 addressing concepts including IP addresses, IP address classes, subnet masking, subnetting, and supernetting. It begins by defining an IP address and discussing the early history and management of IP addresses. It then covers the classes of IP addresses including Class A, B, C, D and E. Subnet masking and how it separates the network and host portions of an IP address is explained. The document discusses two types of subnetting - Full Length Subnet Mask (FLSM) and Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM). Finally, it provides an overview of supernetting and how it combines multiple subnets into a single supernetwork.

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    You are on page 1of 32

    SEMINAR ON IPv4

    By Inder Gulati

    Contents
          

    What is IP Address. IP History and Management. Classes of IP Addresses. Valid and Invalid IP. Subnet Mask. What is Subnetting. Types of Subnetting - FLSM (Full Length Subnet Mask) - VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) Supernetting.

    What is an IP Address?

    An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a number that identifies a device on a computer network.

    IP HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT

    The early years: 1981 1992

    The boom years: 1992 2001

    1992:
    It has become clear that these problems are likely to become critical within the next one to three years. (RFC1366) it is [now] desirable to consider delegating the registration function to an organization in each of those geographic areas. (RFC 1338)

    Recent years: 2002 2009

    2004:
    Establishment of the Number Resource Organisation

    Address Management Today


    IETF IP
    IANA Allocation
    RIR*
    Allocation
    ISP

    RIR : Representative of ISP

    Assignment
    User

    RIR (Regional Internet Registries


    

    A regional Internet registry (RIR) is an organization overseeing the RIR) allocation and registration of Internet Number resources within a particular region of the world. Resources include IP addresses.

    There are currently five RIRs in operation:


        

    American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) for North America and parts of the Caribbean RIPE Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) for Europe, the Middle Europe, East and Central Asia AsiaAsia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) for Asia and the Pacific region Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC) for Latin America and parts of the Caribbean region African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC) for Africa

    Classes of IP Addresses
    Classes Range Binary Total number of networks
    Total number of host

    Class A Class B Class C

    0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255 192.0.0.0 -223.255.255.255

    0xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx 10xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx 110xxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx 1110xxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx 1111xxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

    128 16384
    Reserved for Multicasting Reserved for Research and Development

    16777216

    65536
    Reserved for Multicasting Reserved for Research and Development

    2097152 256

    Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Class E 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255

    Subnet Mask
    

    A subnet mask separates the IP address into the network and host addresses. Subnetting further divides the host part of an IP address into a subnet and host address. It is called a subnet mask because it is used to identify network address of an IP address by perfoming bitwise AND operation on the netmask.

    Subnet Mask
    

    A process that extracts the address of the physical network (network/subnetwork portion) from an IP address

    Valid and Invalid IP


    When all the HOSTID portion bits of an IP address are zeros then it is called Network Address. class A 10.0.0.0 class B 172.16.0.0 class C 192.168.10.0 When all the HOSTID portion bits of an IP address are ones then it is called Broadcast Address. class A 10.255.255.255 class B 172.16.255.255 class C 192.168.10.255 When all the NETID as well as HOSTID portion bits of an IP address are 0s then it is used for Default Routing (CISCO Routers) Address 0.0.0.0 Loopback Addresses (Self Testing) Address 127.0.0.1 (Recommended)

        

    11000000 0011001 11000001 11111110 00000001

    Subnetting

    Subnetting : A network is divided into several smaller networks with each subnetwork (or subnet) having its subnetwork address  Reasons:Reasons:

     

    Provides addressing flexibility for the network administrator. -Each LAN must have its own network or subnetwork address. Provides some security since access to other subnets is only available through the services of a router. Reduce the Wastage of IP Addresses Reduce network traffic

    Subnetting
    Class A, B, C in IP addressing are designed with two levels of hierarchy (not subnetted) -Netid and Hostid

    Subnetting (contd)
     

    Further division of a network into smaller networks called subnetworks R1 differentiating subnets

    Subnetting (contd)
    

    Three levels of hierarchy : netid, subnetid, and hostid

    Subnetting (contd)
     

    Three steps of the routing for an IP datagram  Delivery to the site, delivery to the subnetwork, and delivery to the host Hierarchy concept in a telephone number

    Types of Subnetting
    

    IP SUBNET ZERO OR FLSM (FULL LENGTH SUBNET MASK) VLSM (VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASK)

    IP-SUBNET ZERO OR FLSM IP  

    Subnetting is based up on NETID portion bits. In this case we need to borrow some bits from Host ID portion that depends up on the number of subnets For e.g 192.168.10.0/26

    Step 1: Identify the total number of subnets (how many)? 1: 2n = number of subnets 22 = 4 Where n are the number of borrowed bits from hostId portion. Step 2: Identify the the total number of hosts for each subnets (how many)? 2: 2m - 2 = number of valid hosts 26 2 = 62 Where m are remaining number of bits in hostid portion. Step 3: Calculate Subnet Mask and Range. 3: 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 255 .255 .255 .192 Range:256 - 192 = 64

    Step 4: Identify the total number of subnets (Which one)? 4: (i) 192.168.10.0 (ii) 192.168.10.64 (iii) 192.168.10.128 (iv) 192.168.10.192 Step 5: Identify the valid number of host for each subnet (which one)? (i) 192.168.10.1 -192.168.10.62 (ii) 192.168.10.65 -192.168.10.126 (iii)192.168.10.129 -192.168.10.190 (iv) 192.168.10.193 -192.168.10.254 Step 6:Identify the broadcast address for each subnet? 6:Identify (i) 192.168.10.63 (ii) 192.168.10.127 (iii)192.168.10.191 (iv)192.168.10.255

    VLSM
    

    Subnetting is based up HostId portion bits. In this case we reserve some bits in hostid portion rest of the bits will be in Netid portion bits. Subnet Mask vary for each subnet.

    VLSM
    Need 10 addresses Need 200 addresses Need 500 addresses Need 1000 addresses Need 4000 addresses /28. Give them 16. /24. Give them 256. /23. Give them 512. /22. Give them 1024. /20. Give them 4096.

    Before VLSM
    Need 10 addresses Need 200 addresses Need 500 addresses Need 1000 addresses Need 4000 addresses Class C. Give them 256. Class C. Give them 256. Class B. Give them 65,536. Class B. Give them 65,536. Class B. Give them 65,536.

    Supernetting
    Its a technique that combines the multiple subnets of same network in to one network that network is known as supernetwork.

    Supernetting
    201.1.0.0/22

    201.1.4.0/23

    Advertise?

    201.1.6.0/24

    201.1.7.0/24

    Supernetting
    Octet 3 in binary
       

    201.1.0.0/22 201.1.4.0/23 201.1.6.0/24 201.1.7.0/24


    Same Difference starts here

    00000000 00000100 00000110 00000111


    Same Difference starts here

    21 bits the same so use /21 for summary

    Any Question?

    Thanks

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