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Cardiovascular System Pott

The cardiovascular system is essential for homeostasis, transporting blood to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormones while removing waste. Blood vessels, including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, each have distinct structures and functions that facilitate blood flow and exchange of substances. Key processes such as diffusion, transcytosis, and bulk flow govern the movement of materials across capillary walls.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views22 pages

Cardiovascular System Pott

The cardiovascular system is essential for homeostasis, transporting blood to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormones while removing waste. Blood vessels, including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, each have distinct structures and functions that facilitate blood flow and exchange of substances. Key processes such as diffusion, transcytosis, and bulk flow govern the movement of materials across capillary walls.

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CARDIOVASCULA

R SYSTEM
(BLOOD VESSELS)
POTT Y1T2
Mr. Maxwell Lukoko
INTRODUCTION
 The cardiovascular system contributes to homeostasis of other body
systems by transporting and distributing blood throughout the body to
deliver materials (such as oxygen, nutrients, and hormones) and carry
away wastes.
 The structures involved in these important tasks are the blood vessels, that
carries blood away from the heart transports it to the tissues of the body,
and then returns it to the heart.
 The left side of the heart pumps blood through an estimated 100,000 km
(60,000 mi) of blood vessels.
 The right side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs, enabling blood
to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide
BLOOD VESSELS
 The five main types of blood vessels are: arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules, and vein.
 . Large, elastic arteries leave the heart and divide into medium-sized,
muscular arteries that branch out into the various regions of the body.
 Medium-sized arteries then divide into small arteries, which in turn
divide into still smaller arteries called arterioles.
 . As the arterioles enter a tissue, they branch into numerous tiny
vessels called capillaries. The thin walls of capillaries allow the
exchange of substances between the blood and body tissues
 Groups of capillaries within a tissue reunite to form small veins called
venules.
 These in turn merge to form progressively larger blood vessels called
vein
BASIC STRUCTURE OF
BLOOD VESSELS
 The wall of a blood vessel consists of three layers, or tunics, of
different tissues: an epithelial inner lining, a middle layer consisting
of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue, and a connective
tissue outer covering.
 The three structural layers of a generalized blood vessel from
innermost to outermost are: tunica interna (intima), tunica media,
and tunica externa (adventitia)
TUNICA INTERNA
 This forms the innermost lining of the blood vessel and it is indirect contact
with the blood.
 Its innermost layer is called endothelium, which is continuous with the
endocardial lining of the heart.
Functions
1. It provides a physical support base for the epithelial layer.
2. its properties also provide resilience for stretching and recoil
3. Assists with capillary permeability
4. Its cells secretes local hormones (NO, Histamine,VEGF etc.)that affect the
blood vessel differently.
TUNICA MEDIA
 The tunica media (media = middle) is a muscular and
connective tissue layer that displays the greatest variation
among the different vessel types.
 In most vessels, it is a relatively thick layer comprising mainly
smooth muscle cells and substantial amounts of elastic fibers.
 The primary role of the smooth muscle cells, which extend
circularly around the lumen is to regulate the diameter of the
lumen (vasodilation and Vasoconstriction.
TUNICA EXTERNA
 The outer covering of a blood vessel, the tunica externa
(externa = outermost), consists of elastic and collagen fibers.
 The tunica externa contains numerous nerves and, especially
in larger vessels, tiny blood vessels that supply the tissue of
the vessel wall.
 These small vessels that supply blood to the tissues of the
vessel are called vasa vasorum (vessel to vessels).
 The tunica externa helps anchor the vessels to surrounding
tissues
ARTERIES
 . The wall of an artery has the three layers of a typical blood vessel,
but has a thick muscular-to elastic tunica media.
 Due to their plentiful elastic fibers, arteries normally have high
compliance, which means that their walls stretch easily or expand
without tearing in response to a small increase in pressure.
 There are two types of arteries

1. Elastic arteries
 Elastic arteries are the largest arteries in the body, ranging from the
garden hose–sized aorta and pulmonary trunk to the finger sized
branches of the aorta.
- Elastic arteries include: aorta, pulmonary trunk brachiocephalic,
subclavian, common carotid artery and common iliac arteries.
- They help propel blood onward while the ventricles are relaxing.
2. Muscular arteries /distributing arteries
 Medium-sized arteries are called muscular arteries because their tunica
media contains more smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibers than elastic
arteries
 They have relatively thick walls because of the large amount of smooth
muscles.
 Muscular arteries span a range of sizes from the pencil-sized femoral and
axillary arteries to string-sized arteries that enter organs
ARTERIOLES
 Arterioles are abundant microscopic vessels that regulate the
flow of blood into the capillary networks of the body’s tissues.
 The terminal end of the arteriole, the region called the
metarteriole , tapers toward the capillary junction.
 Arterioles play a key role in regulating blood flow from arteries
into capillaries by regulating resistance
 Vasoconstriction of arterioles increases blood pressure, and
vasodilation of arterioles decreases blood pressure.
CAPILLARIES
 Capillaries, the smallest of blood vessels, have diameters of 5–10
m, and form the U-turns that connect the arterial outflow to the
venous return
 The primary function of capillaries is the exchange of substances
between the blood and interstitial fluid.
 Capillaries are found near almost every cell in the body, but their
number varies with the metabolic activity of the tissue they serve
 Capillaries are absent in a few tissues, such as all covering and
lining epithelia, the cornea and lens of the eye, and cartilage.
 The structure of capillaries is well suited to their function as
exchange vessels because they lack both a tunica media and a
tunica externa
 The body contains three different types of capillaries

1. Continuous capillary,
2. Fenestrated capillaries and
3. Sinusoids- Capillaries that are wider and leakier than normal
capillaries
 Found in bone marrow, endocrine glands, spleen and liver
VENULES
 Unlike their thick-walled arterial counterparts, venules and veins
have thin walls that do not readily maintain their shape
 Venules drain the capillary blood and begin the return flow of blood
back toward the heart
 Venules that initially receive blood from capillaries are called
postcapillary venules
 They function as significant sites of exchange of nutrients and
wastes and white blood cell emigration, and for this reason form
part of the microcirculatory exchange unit along with the capillaries.
 As the postcapillary venules move away from capillaries, they
acquire one or two layers of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells
VEINS
 veins do show structural changes as they increase in size from small to
medium to large, the structural changes are not as distinct as they are in
arteries
 Veins, in general, have very thin walls relative to their total diameter
 Tunic interna and tunica media of veins are much thinner that of arteries.
 The lumen of a vein is larger than that of a comparable artery, and veins
often appear collapsed (flattened) when sectioned
 .The contraction of skeletal muscles in the lower limbs also helps boost
venous return to the heart
 Many veins, especially those in the limbs, also contain valves, thin folds of
tunica interna that form flaplike cusps. The valve cusps project into the
lumen, pointing toward the heart.
 veins are more numerous than arteries for several reasons
 Anastomotic veins- veins that connect with one another via venous
channels
 Superficial veins- veins located below the subcutaneous tissue
 Deep veins- veins that travel between the skeletal muscles
ANASTOMOSE
 The union of the branches of two or more arteries supplying the same body
region is called an anastomosis
 Anastomoses between arteries provide alternative routes for blood to reach
a tissue or organ..
 If blood flow stops for a short time when normal movements compress a
vessel, or if a vessel is blocked by disease, injury, or surgery, then
circulation to a part of the body is not necessarily stopped
 The alternative route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis
is known as collateral circulation
 Anastomoses may also occur between veins and between arterioles and
venules.
BLOOD DISTRIBUTION
 The largest portion of your blood volume at rest—about 64%—is in
systemic veins and venule.
 Systemic arteries and arterioles hold about 13% of the blood volume,
systemic capillaries hold about 7%, pulmonary blood vessels hold about
9%, and the heart holds about 7%
CAPILLARY EXCHANGE
 The mission of the entire cardiovascular system is to keep blood flowing
through capillaries to allow capillary exchange, the movement of
substances between blood and interstitial fluid.
 . Substances enter and leave capillaries by three basic mechanisms:
Diffusion
Transcytosis
bulk flow
DIFFUSION
 The most important method of capillary exchange is simple diffusion.
 Many substances, such as oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), glucose,
amino acids, and hormones, enter and leave capillaries by simple
diffusion
 This is because these substances are usually present in high
concentrations in blood hence diffuse don their concentration gradient.
 CO2 and other wastes released by body cells are present in higher
concentrations in interstitial fluid, so they diffuse. into blood
 Water-soluble substances such as glucose and amino acids pass across
capillary walls through intercellular clefts or fenestrations
 Lipid-soluble materials, such as O2, CO2, and steroid hormones, may
pass across capillary walls directly through the lipid bilayer of
endothelial cell plasma membranes.
 In sinusoids, however, the intercellular clefts are so large that they allow
even proteins and blood cells to pass through their walls.
TRANSCYTOSIS
 In this process, substances in blood plasma become enclosed within tiny
pinocytic vesicles that first enter endothelial cells by endocytosis, then
move across the cell and exit on the other side by exocytosis.
 This method of transport is important mainly for large, lipid-insoluble
molecules that cannot cross capillary walls in any other way.
BULK FLOW: FILTRATION AND
REABSORPTION

Bulk flow is a passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules, or
particles in a fluid move together in the same direction.
 Bulk flow occurs from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower
pressure, and it continues as long as a pressure difference exists.
 Pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries into
interstitial fluid is called filtration
 Pressure-driven movement from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries is
called reabsorption.
 Two pressures promote filtration: blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP), the
pressure generated by the pumping action of the heart, and interstitial fluid
osmotic pressure
 The main pressure promoting reabsorption of fluid is blood is colloid
osmotic pressure.

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