Lec 01 - Control Statement (3)

Control
Statement
Contents
 Introduction:
 Boolean Expression
 Control Statement
 Conditional Statement
 If statement
 If – else statement
 If – elif – else statmet
 Looping/Iteration
 While loop
 For loop
INTRODUCTION
 So far, we’ve viewed programs as sequences of
instructions that are followed one after the other.
 While this is a fundamental programming concept, it is
not sufficient in itself to solve every problem. We need to
be able to alter the sequential flow of a program to suit a
particular situation.
 A control structure is a logical design that controls the
order in which a set of statements execute.
 Control structures allow us to alter this sequential
program flow.
Cont
 In this chapter, we’ll learn about decision structures,
which are statements that allow a program to execute
different sequences of instructions for different cases,
allowing the program to “choose” an appropriate course
of action.
Boolean Expressions
 Arithmetic expressions evaluate to numeric values; a
Boolean expression, sometimes called a predicate, may
have only one of two possible values: false or true.
 The simplest Boolean expressions in Python are True and False. In a Python
interactive shell we see:
Cont..
 The simplest kinds of Boolean expressions use relational
operators to compare two expressions.
The Simple if Statement
 The if statement is used to check a condition: if the condition is
TRUE, we run a block of statements (the if-block), else (FALSE)
we process another block of statements (else-block) or continue if
no optional else clause.
Cont...
 The semantics of the if
 First, the condition in the heading is evaluated.
 If the condition is true, the sequence of statements in the
body is executed, and then control passes to the next
statement in the program.
 If the condition is false, the statements in the body are
skipped, and control passes to the next statement in the
program.
Cont...
 What is the output with these 2 dialogs?
GPA? 3.78 _________
GPA? 2.59 _________
gpa = eval(input("GPA? "))

if gpa >= 3.5:
print("Deans list")
else:
print("Work harder")
print("One or the other, but always this")

Cont...
celsius = eval(input("Celsius temperature? "))
if celsius >= 40:
print("Heat stroke danger")
if celsius < -20:
print("Frost bite danger")
if celsius >= -20 and celsius < 40:
print("You decide")
Cont...
The if/else Statement
 The if statement has an optional else block that is
executed only if the Boolean condition is false.
Indentation in the if-else Statement
 When you write an if-else statement, follow these
guidelines for indentation:
 Make sure the if clause and the else clause are aligned.
 The if clause and the else clause are each followed by a
block of statements. Make sure the statements in the blocks
are consistently indented.
The if-elif-else Statement
 Python provides a special version of the decision structure
known as the if-elif-else statement, which makes this type of
logic simpler to write.
 Here is the general format of the if-elif-else statement:
if condition_1:
statement
statement
etc.
elif condition_2:
statement
statement
etc.
Cont...
Compound Boolean Expressions
 We can combine simple Boolean expressions, each
involving one relational operator, into more complex
Boolean expressions using the logical operators and, or, and
not.
 A combination of two or more Boolean expressions using
logical operators is called a compound Boolean expression.
age = 21
gender = "Male"
if gender == "Male" and age < 25:
print ("You will need to take out a loan to buy car insurance!")
else:
print ("Maybe car insurance won't be too expensive for you...")
The pass Statement
 If the value of x is less than zero, this section of code should print
nothing. Unfortunately, the code fragment above is not legal Python.
The if/else statement contains an else block, but it does not contain
an if block.
 Python has a special statement, pass, that means do nothing.
Nested Conditionals
 The statements in the block of the if or the else may be
any Python statements, including other if/else
statements.
 We can use these nested if statements to develop
arbitrarily complex program logic.
Comparing Strings
 Python allows you to compare strings. This allows you to
create decision structures that test the value of a string.
name1 = 'Mary' name2 = 'Mark' if name1 == name2:
print('The names are the same.') else:
print('The names are NOT the same.')
 The == operator compares name1 and name2 to

determine whether they are equal.
Cont...
Iteration
 Iteration repeats the execution of a sequence of code.
 Iteration is useful for solving many programming
problems. Iteration and conditional execution form the
basis for algorithm construction.
Condition-Controlled and Count-Controlled Loops
 A condition-controlled loop uses a true/false condition to

control the number of times that it repeats.
 A count-controlled loop repeats a specific number of
times.
 In Python, you use the while statement to write a
condition-controlled loop, and you use the for statement
to write a count-controlled loop.
The while Loop: A Condition-Controlled Loop
 A condition-controlled loop causes a statement or set of

statements to repeat as long as a condition is true.
 In Python, you use the while statement to write a
condition-controlled loop.
 The while loop gets its name from the way it works: while
a condition is true, do some task.
 The loop has two parts:
 (1) a condition that is tested for a true or false value, and
 (2) a statement or set of statements that is repeated as long
as the condition is true.
Cont...
 Here is the general format of the while loop in Python:
while condition:
statement
statement
etc.
Cont...
Cont...
Cont...
Cont...
Infinite Loops
 If a loop does not have a way of stopping, it is called an
infinite loop.
 An infinite loop continues to repeat until the program is
interrupted.
 Infinite loops usually occur when the programmer forgets
to write code inside the loop that makes the test
condition false.
Cont...
The for Loop: A Count-Controlled Loop
 A count-controlled loop iterates a specific number of times. In

Python, you use the for statement to write a count-controlled
loop.
 The while loop is ideal for indefinite loops.
 We have used a while loop to implement a definite loop, as in
 The print statement in this code executes exactly 10 times

every time this code runs.
Cont...
 Python provides a more convenient way to express a definite
loop. The for statement iterates over a sequence of values.
 One way to express a sequence is via a tuple, as shown here:
for n in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10:
print(n)
 Python provides a convenient way to express a sequence of
integers that follow a regular pattern.
 The following code uses a range expression to print the
integers 1 through 10:
for n in range(1, 11):
print(n)
Cont...
 The general form of the range expression is
range( begin,end,step )
where
 begin is the first value in the range; if omitted, the default
value is 0
 end is one past the last value in the range; the end value
is always required and may not be omitted
 step is the amount to increment or decrement; if the step
parameter is omitted, it defaults to 1 (counts up by ones)
 begin, end, and step must all be integer expressions;
Cont...
 The range expression is very flexible. Consider the
following loop that counts down from 21 to 3 by threes:
for n in range(21, 0, -3):
print(n, end=' ')
 It prints
21 18 15 12 9 6 3
Cont...
 The expression range(1000) produces the sequence
0;1;2;:::;999.
 The following code computes and prints the sum of all the
positive integers less than 100:
sum = 0 # Initialize sum
for i in range(1, 100):
sum += i
print(sum)
Cont...
Cont...
End

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Control

gpa = eval(input("GPA? "))

print("One or the other, but always this")

 The == operator compares name1 and name2 to

 A condition-controlled loop uses a true/false condition to

 A condition-controlled loop causes a statement or set of

 A count-controlled loop iterates a specific number of times. In

 The print statement in this code executes exactly 10 times

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