Paper 1 – Move to Global War

Case study 1:
Japanese Causes of expansion
expansion in • The impact of Japanese nationalism and militarism on foreign
East Asia policy
(1931–1941) • Japanese domestic issues: political and economic issues, and
their impact on foreign relations
• Political instability in China

Events
• Japanese invasion of Manchuria and northern China (1931)
• Sino-Japanese War (1937–1941)
• The Three Power/Tripartite Pact; the outbreak of war; Pearl
Harbor (1941)

Responses
• League of Nations and the Lytton report
• Political developments within China—the Second United Front
• International response, including US initiatives and increasing
tensions between the US and Japan
Lesson 2a – Japanese Expansion
in SE Asia (1931-1941)
Essential Question
Assess the impact of Japanese nationalism and
militarism on Japan’s foreign policy in the 1930s
Learning Outcomes - Students will:
◦ Review – how far have they come?
◦ Learn about internationalism Leave
space
◦ Learn about the end of internationalism 3 lesso for
ns

Success Criteria
I can divide my essential question to be able to
answer an IB style question
Preview
Essential Question
Assess the impact of Japanese
nationalism and militarism on
Japan’s foreign policy in the 1930s

What is the question asking?

What info do we already know?
Vocab
Internationalism
Washington Treaty
Four Power Treaty
Kwantung Army
Reading
Pg. 27~53
◦ Make sure you are
adding to
 Notes 3 Le
s s on
 Essential Question s
◦ Class vs. Textbook
 Class – discuss the main ideas
and themes, with some
evidence
 Textbook – provides further
evidence to support your
claims & provides practice
questions
  1920s – Japan moves towards a policy

Internationalismofpeaceful
developing the economy by
means
 Why is the West worried about Japan?
These
treati • Britain – Hong Kong, Malay
that J es sho
comm apan w w
itt as • US – Philippines, Hawaii
co-ex ed to pea
istenc c
e with eful ◦ Created a Pacific fleet and put their
west the
best ships here
 1921 – Washington Treaty
◦ agreed to a tonnage ratio of 5:5:3
 1921 – Four Power Treaty
What
Japan groups with (included France)
m in
Intern ight oppose
ationa ◦ Each power would respect the
lism? this
Why?
territory of the other
 1922 – Nine Power Treaty
◦ Japan would recognize Chinese
territory and sovereignty
  Conservative and militant groups within Japan opposed
Opposition to this move towards peaceful coexistence
Internationalism
 Why?
◦ Economic – need for raw materials, which needed to
be imported + the depression
 Foreign tariffs, such as the Smoot-Hawley Tariff(1931 rose
Cons If you w duties 200%) limited the amount that could be brought in
ervati ere a
woul ve / 
d you Militant, Rise of protectionism (40 countries placed tariffs on J)
s ho
prob olve thes w although exports rose (1934~37 – exports to Latin America
lems e rose 1200%
?
 1932 - Price of silk dropped 1/5 that of 1923
 Unemployment rose to 3 million
 Food – only 20% of Japan is arable land
◦ Population Growth – rising population out stripped
Japanese food production, resulting in the imports of food
(1937 – 70 million)
 Attempted to push emigration to US, but racists attitudes
and fears of cheap labour within US made this impossible
◦ Weakening of the Military – the Naval Treaties were
viewed as a humiliation
 The civilian gov’t had also reduced the army and naval
  The militants solution was China
A Weak China ◦ Economic Problem – Manchuria was rich in
resources and would provide a market to sell
goods
 An empire would ensure a monopoly
◦ Population Growth – send Japanese there to
work (Lebensraum)
 1931~45 – 500,000 emigrated to be farmers but
couldn’t compete with the locals who worked for
less. Most became bureaucrats, police, etc…
◦ Military – Army would be required to “help”
maintain order against a traditionally divided
China
 It earned this land by winning 2 wars
 Past victories showed that military intervention
always worked for Japan
 Problem – Chinese Nationalism
◦ Under the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai
Shek, China began to reject foreign influence
in China, such as the Japanese in Manchuria
End of Kwantung Army had been
Internationalism in Manchuria since 1905 to
maintain order
◦ Many extremist officers knew
that the senior military staff
wanted to expand its role in the
area
◦ 1928 – Kwantung officers decide
to assassinate the Nationalist
Warlord of Manchuria without
the authority of the gov’t
◦ Gov’t in Tokyo tried to punish
the officers, however this was
blocked by the senior army staff
because they had the support of
the new emperor
 1929 – gov’t resigned and from
here on, foreign policy became
hostage to extremist army
 Essential Question
IB Practice Assess the impact of Japanese
nationalism and militarism on
Japan’s foreign policy in the
1930s
 Did we answer the entire question
today?
 What separate questions are asked
here?
1. What was Japanese nationalism in the
1930s?
2. ??????
3. ??????
4. ??????
 Which of these questions can we
answer today?
 Under your essential question, create
Lesson 2b – Japanese Expansion
in SE Asia (1931-1941)
Essential Question
Assess the impact of Japanese nationalism and
militarism on Japan’s foreign policy in the 1930s
Learning Outcomes - Students will:
◦ Review – Which had a greater impact?
◦ Learn about the rise of militarism in the gov’t Leave
space
◦ Discuss Japanese foreign policy goals 3 lesso for
ns

Success Criteria
I can divide my essential question to be able to
answer an IB style question
Review

What domestic issues are

influencing Japanese actions in
China?

Essential Question
Assess the impact of
Japanese nationalism and
militarism on Japan’s
foreign policy in the 1930s
Vocab
Diet
Mukden Incident
Manchuria
Manchukuo
Anti-Comintern Pact
Reading
Pg. 27~53
◦ Make sure you are
adding to
 Notes 3 Le
s s on
 Essential Question s
◦ Class vs. Textbook
 Class – discuss the main ideas
and themes, with some
evidence
 Textbook – provides further
evidence to support your
claims & provides practice
questions
 Militarism replaces
How
and did n
a
Japa militar tionali
Democracy
nes is sm
e de m imp  After 1929, militants made life
mo c ac t
racy difficult for the Japanese Diet
?
(Parliament)
◦ Moderates were labeled “un-Japanese”
if they did not support military
intervention and called for a return to
traditional Japanese ways
◦ Ex. New Hamaguchi gov’t tried to curb
the power of the military but was
assassinated in 1930 by extremists
◦ 1931 – planned a coup but called back
at the last moment
 By 1931, militarists control the
gov’t
 a rge

a l
in Mukden Incident -
ch n’t
ly y did
s re Wh the
o i
n?
Wh Japa ne sto g?
p 1931
of nyo ntun
a wa  18 September 1931, a bomb, planted
K
by the Kwantung, was exploded on
the track of the Japanese-owned
South Manchuria Railway
◦ Without Tokyo’s approval, the army
blamed “Chinese terrorists” and seized the
city of Mukden
◦ Proclaiming a need to protect Japanese life
and property, the Kwantung continued to
take Manchuria
◦ When Prime Minister Inukai tried to halt
this aggression, he was assassinated in
1932 by naval officers
◦ Sept 1932 – Japanese create a puppet
state called Manchukuo
 Foreign Policy Goals
 1936 – Japan sets out it’s foreign
y t hi s. We policy goals
cop
Don’t ok at each
will lo ecifically 1. Russian pressure on Japan's empire
sp
more ext from the north needed to be
n
resisted;
2. further territorial expansion to the
south should be undertaken to
seize for Japan the wealth and raw
materials available in the South-
East Asian colonies of Britain,
France and Holland.
3. the military conquest of the whole
of China should be undertaken;
 w d
i l i
id m policy
tarism ? 1. Pressure on the
Ho re ign
impa
ct fo
USSR
 1936 – Anti-Comintern
Pact with Germany and Japan
(Italy joins in 1937)
◦ Japan saw the USSR as the main
threat to Manchukuo
◦ Japan sought allies that would
support military intervention with
the USSR
◦ Purpose – contain the spread of
communism
 Secretly, used as a safeguard in
case either were attacked
 2. Expand to SE Asia
i l i
id m policy
tarism ? for resources
w d
Ho fo re ign
ct
impa
 1937 – Japan withdraws from
the Naval Treaties with Britain
and the US
◦ Believed it humiliating (5:5:3)
and felt stronger with new
allies
◦ Began to build battleships and
aircraft carriers
 Ex. Yamato and Musashi were
twice the tonnage of the biggest
US ship
 ri sm
3. Expand in China
l i ta
d i d mi o l i cy ?
How foreign p
ct  1937 – military exercises in China
impa
resulted in Japanese and Chinese
soldiers opening fire on each other at
the Marco Polo bridge
◦ No evidence shows it was premeditated
but the Japanese took advantage of the
situation and began a full scale war with
China
◦ 1937 – despite fierce resistance from both
Nationalist and Communist forces, the
Japanese take Peking, Shanghai and
Nanking (Rape of Nanking)
◦ Originally, only 3 divisions in China,
planning for a 3 month battle. But by 1938,
there were 20 divisions in China
 Essential Question
IB Practice Assess the impact of Japanese
nationalism and militarism on
Japan’s foreign policy in the
1930s
 Did we answer the entire question
today?
 What separate questions are asked
here?
1. What was Japanese nationalism in the
1930s?
2. ??????
3. ??????
4. ??????
 Which of these questions can we
answer today?
 Under your essential question, create
Lesson 2c – Japanese Expansion
in SE Asia (1931-1941)
Essential Question
Assess the impact of Japanese nationalism and
militarism on Japan’s foreign policy in the 1930s
Learning Outcomes - Students will:
◦ Preview - Message Leave
space
◦ Discuss Japanese nationalism and motivations 3 lesso for
ns

Success Criteria
I can fill out a table describing the causes of
Japanese actions
 Assess the impact of Japanese nationalism and militarism
on Japan’s foreign policy in the 1930s

Causes of the Sino-

Causes of the Mukden Causes of Japan’s
Japanese War 1933-
Incident 1928-32 attack on Pearl Harbor
37
Help guide Manchuria
Nationalism against white imperialism

Militarism

Assassination of PM
Political situation in
Japan Inukai showed the
Army was in charge

Economic situation in
Japan

Nationalists in Manchuria
Situation in China
threatened Japan’s interests

Actions of the West

Conclusions
Vocab
doka
E.P. Tsurumi
Kominka
Greater East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere
Pan-Asianism
Reading
Pg. 27~53
◦ Make sure you are
adding to 3 Le
s s on
 Notes Last s–
 Essential Question L es s
on
◦ Class vs. Textbook
 Class – discuss the main ideas
and themes, with some
evidence
 Textbook – provides further
evidence to support your
claims & provides practice
questions
Colonial Ideology
 Japan took on a policy of assimilation
(doka) with its colonies
◦ "Affinities of race and culture between
Japan and her colonial peoples ... made
possible the idea of a fusion of the two
and suggested that ultimately Japanese
colonial territories had no separate,
autonomous identities of their own, but
only a destiny that was entirely Japanese.”
(E.P. Tsurumi)
◦ This had the emperor as the head of the
Japanese race and the colonial peoples
would be Japanized (kominka) through
education, religion, etc…
 Greater East Asian
Co-prosperity Sphere
 Based on the idea of Pan-Asianism
 The enemy was white imperialism
(Britain, France, US, etc…)
◦ Differed from Western imperialism, which had
the goal of “civilizing” its people
 1941 – Great East Asian War
◦ Japanese propaganda portrayed the war between
“Free” Asians against “white” imperialism
 1942 – Colonial Ministry replaced with
the Greater East Asia Ministry
◦ Korea is also brought under the Home Ministry
 Contradictions however
◦ 1942 Army General Staff memorandum which
spoke of shujin minzoku (master peoples), yujin
minzoku (friendly peoples) and kigu
minzoku (guest peoples) to differentiate
between the Japanese, East Asians and the
rest.
 Japanese shift in
Imperial Policy
 1894 – Strategic and commercial
expansion working within the World
Order
◦ Ex. Treaty of Portsmouth gave 25-year lease on
Port Arthur (year round port)
◦ Ex. Washignton Treaty and internationalism
 1930s – Greater East Asian Co-prosperity
Sphere
◦ Militant rise in Japan meant more autonomy
for the military
 Resources were drawn away from economic
investment and put into the military
◦ Economic Depression caused the need a
search for resources and markets
 Ex. 1931 – 1.5 billion yen invested into Manchuria
 Ex. 1936 – 3.7 billion yen invested
◦ Less cooperation with the West
◦ Japan would “guide” Asia against the West
 Pg. 56
Causes of the Sino-
Causes of the Mukden Causes of Japan’s
Japanese War 1933-
Incident 1928-32 attack on Pearl Harbor
37
Help guide Manchuria
Nationalism against white
imperialism
Foreign policy goal was to continue
Militarism
the conquest of China
Assassination of PM
Political situation in

Don’t do yet
Japan Inukai showed the
Army was in charge
Depression and protectionist tariffs
Economic situation in from the West
Japan created the need for steady
Nationalists in markets for Japanese goods
Situation in China Manchuria threatened
Japan’s interests
Actions of the West
Don’t do yet
Conclusions
 Essential Question
IB Practice Assess the impact of Japanese
nationalism and militarism on
Japan’s foreign policy in the
1930s
 Did we answer the entire question
today?
 What separate questions are asked
here?
1. What was Japanese nationalism in the
1930s?
2. ??????
3. ??????
4. ??????
 Which of these questions can we
answer today?
 Under your essential question, create