PH101 Lecture Week 12

Special Case
There is one special case in which a continuous charge distribution can be treated as
a point charge, which allows us to use Coulomb’s law in its point-charge form.
This occurs when the charge is distributed with spherical symmetry. That is, the
volume charge density may vary with radius, but the density is uniform in a thin shell
at any radius.
A uniformly charged spherical shell exerts no electrostatic force on a point charge

located anywhere inside
the shell.
A uniformly charged spherical shell exerts an electrostatic force on a point charge

outside the shell as if all
the charge of the shell were concentrated in a point charge at its center.
CONSERVATION OF CHARGE
In analogy with other conservation laws, such as conservation of momentum or

conservation of energy, we can express conservation of electric charge as
In any process occurring in an isolated system the net initial charge must equal the net
final charge. In finding the net charge, it is important to take into account the signs of
the individual charges.
• ELECTRIC CHARGE IS ALWAYS CONSERVED:
• SUPPOSE TWO OBJECTS COME IN

CONTACT. THE OBJECTS ARE TOUCHED,
AND CHARGE FLOWS BETWEEN THEM.
• BOTH OBJECTS WILL HAVE A CHARGE OF -2 AND +2 AFTERWARD.
• SO, THE NET ELECTRIC CHARGE

IS ALWAYS CONSERVED.
ELECTRIC FIELD
Coulomb's law for the force of one electric charge on another encourages us to think in
terms of action at a distance, represented as
Introducing the field as an intermediary between the charges, we can represent the
interaction as
Our problem of determining the interaction between the charges is therefore reduced to two
separate problems:
(1) determine, by measurement or calculation, the electric field established by the first
charge at every point in space,
(2) calculate the force that the field exerts on the second charge placed at a particular
point in space.
Electric field E associated with a certain collection of charges is defined in terms of the force
exerted on a positive test charge q, at a particular point,
ELECTRIC FIELD
Electric field E associated with a certain collection of charges is defined in terms of the force
exerted on a positive test charge q˳, at a particular point,
ELECTRIC FIELD
We can use the electric field to calculate the force on any charged body. Once we have
found the electric field at a point (using our test body, for instance), we can find the electric
force exerted on any object of charge q at that location as
Electric field E associated with a

certain collection of charges in terms
of the force exerted on a positive test
charge q˳, at a particular point,
THE ELECTRIC FIELD OF
POINT CHARGES
Let a positive test charge qₒ be placed a distance r from a point charge q. The
magnitude of the force acting on qₒ is given by Coulomb's law,
The magnitude of the electric field at the site of the test charge is,
At point P, the electric fields of the charges q1 and q2 are equal and opposite, so the net
field at P is zero.
What is the magnitude of a point charge chosen so that the electric field 75.0
cm away has the magnitude 2.30 N/C?
Practice Problems
Chapter 25
Exercises: 25.20, 25.23, 25.25, 25.27
THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE
The configuration of two equal and opposite charges separated by a distance is

called an electric dipole. In equations that describe electric dipoles, we find that the
magnitude of the charge q on each of the components and their separation d often
occur together as the product qd. It is convenient to define this quantity as the
electric dipole moment p:
In NaCl the magnitude of the charge q on each ion

is e and the measured separation distance is 0.236
nm, so we expect the dipole moment of the
molecule to be
THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE
The total electric field at P is determined by the electric fields E+ and E- set up by the
positive and negative charges
The magnitudes of the fields from each charge are given by
The total field E has only a z component, of magnitude

Find the electric field at
the center of the
square of Fig. Assume
that q = 11.8 nC and a
= 5.20 cm.
Practice Problems
Chapter 26
Exercises: 26.5, 26.6, 26.7, 26.8
ELECTRIC FIELD OF CONTINUOUS CHARGE
DISTRIBUTIONS
A RING OF CHARGE
DISK OF CHARGE
INFINITE SHEET OF CHARGE
A plastic rod, whose length L is 220 cm and whose radius is 3.6 mm,
carries a negative charge q of magnitude 3.8 * 10^-7 C, spread
uniformly over its surface. What is the electric field near the midpoint of
the rod, at a point on its surface?
ELECTRIC FIELD LINES
The space around an electric charge is imagined to be filled with lines of force. Today we no
longer attach the same reality to the lines of force that Faraday did, but we retain them as a
convenient way to visualize the electric field. We
refer to these lines as electric field lines.
The tangent to the electric field line passing through any point in space gives
the direction of the electric field at that point.
The electric field lines start on positive charges and end on negative charges.
One final property of electric field lines is that

The magnitude of the electric field at any point is proportional to the number of
field lines per unit cross-sectional area perpendicular to the lines.
The electric field lines start on positive charges and end on negative charges.
One final property of electric field lines is that

The magnitude of the electric field at any point is proportional to the number of
field lines per unit cross-sectional area perpendicular to the lines.
POINT CHARGE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
A particle of charge q in an electric field E experiences a force F

given by
We therefore begin by considering cases in which the electric field and the
corresponding electric force are uniform (that is, they do not vary with
location) and constant (they do not vary with time).
Such a situation can be achieved in practice in the region near a large uniform
sheet of charge,
Practice Problems
Chapter 26
Sample Problems: 26.6
Exercises: 26.27, 26.28, 26.29, 26.31,
26.35
A DIPOLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
The work done by the external field in turning the dipole

from
an initial angle , to a final angle is
A DIPOLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD
A molecule of water vapor (H2O) has an electric dipole moment of magnitude p =
6.2 * 10^-30 C m.
Figure below is a representation of this molecule, showing the three nuclei and the
surrounding electron distributions. The electric dipole moment p is represented by a vector
on the axis of symmetry. The dipole moment arises because the effective center of positive
charge does not coincide with the effective center of negative charge.
Polar covalent bond: A covalent bond in which the

electron density is unevenly shared between the two
bonded atoms, due to a difference in electronegativity
or due to inductive effects.
Applied Physics PH101
CHAPTER 27
GAUSS’ LAW
27.1 THE FLUX OF A VECTOR FIELD
The word “flux” comes from a Latin word meaning “to flow,” and
you can consider the flux of a vector field to be a measure of the
flow of the field vectors through an imaginary fixed element of
surface in the field.
It is convenient to consider the flux as a measure of the number of field lines

passing through the loop.
THE FLUX OF A VECTOR FIELD
We define the flux of the velocity field so that its magnitude is given by
we can then write the flux for a closed surface consisting of several individual
surfaces By convention, we choose the direction of A to
that of the outward normal from a closed
surface.

We can easily generalize these concepts to a nonuniform field and to surfaces of
arbitrary shape and orientation.
Concept of Source and Sink
The conclusions we derived above remain valid in this general case: if Eq. is
evaluated over a closed surface, then the flux is
(1)zero if the surface encloses no sources or sinks,
(2) positive and equal in magnitude to their strength if the surface contains only
sources, or
(3) negative and equal in magnitude to their strength if the surface contains only
sinks.
If the surface encloses both sources and sinks, the net flux can be zero, positive,
or negative, depending on the relative strength of the sources and sinks.
THE FLUX OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD
In analogy with the velocity field, we define
the flux of the electric field, as
As was the case with the velocity flux, the flux

, can be considered as a measure
of the number of lines of the electric field that
passes through the surface.

passing through the loop.

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Special Case

A uniformly charged spherical shell exerts no electrostatic force on a point charge

A uniformly charged spherical shell exerts an electrostatic force on a point charge

In analogy with other conservation laws, such as conservation of momentum or

• SUPPOSE TWO OBJECTS COME IN

• SO, THE NET ELECTRIC CHARGE

Electric field E associated with a

The configuration of two equal and opposite charges separated by a distance is

In NaCl the magnitude of the charge q on each ion

The magnitudes of the fields from each charge are given by

The total field E has only a z component, of magnitude

One final property of electric field lines is that

One final property of electric field lines is that

A particle of charge q in an electric field E experiences a force F

The work done by the external field in turning the dipole

Polar covalent bond: A covalent bond in which the

It is convenient to consider the flux as a measure of the number of field lines

It is convenient to consider the flux as a measure of the number of field lines

Concept of Source and Sink

As was the case with the velocity flux, the flux

It is convenient to consider the flux as a measure of the number of field lines

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