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Chapter 2 Lecture PPT

Chapter 2 covers the fundamentals of motion in one dimension, focusing on kinematics, position, displacement, average velocity, and acceleration. It includes concept questions and example problems to illustrate the principles of motion, such as the effects of forces and the calculations of displacement and acceleration. The chapter also discusses constant acceleration and free-fall acceleration, providing problem-solving strategies for analyzing motion.

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2 views

Chapter 2 Lecture PPT

Chapter 2 covers the fundamentals of motion in one dimension, focusing on kinematics, position, displacement, average velocity, and acceleration. It includes concept questions and example problems to illustrate the principles of motion, such as the effects of forces and the calculations of displacement and acceleration. The chapter also discusses constant acceleration and free-fall acceleration, providing problem-solving strategies for analyzing motion.

Uploaded by

treywright777777
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION


Kinematics
The study of motion is called kinematics.

 Here we will study motion that takes place in a


straight line.
1. Forces cause __________.
2. Determine as a result of application of force, if objects
speed up, slow down, or maintain the same rate
3. Moving object considered _________.
4. If we deal with a stiff, extended object, we will assume
that all particles on the body move in the same fashion.
5. Study the motion of a particle, which will represent the
entire body.
Position and Displacement
• The location of an object is usually given in terms of a standard
reference point, called the origin.
o positive direction is taken to be the direction where the coordinates are
increasing
o negative direction as that where the coordinates are decreasing.
• The total length traveled between two points is called the
______________.
• A change in the coordinates of the position of the body
describes the ___________of the body.
• ____________ is a vector quantity. That is, a quantity that has
both magnitude and direction.
Position and Displacement
Concept Question
You drive in your car due north for 30 miles. Then you turn east and drive for
50 miles. Finally, you turn south and drive for 30 more miles. What is your
total displacement and distance traveled from for this journey?

a) Displacement and distance traveled is 50 miles.

b) Displacement and distance traveled is 110 miles.

c) Displacement is 50 miles and distance traveled is 110 miles.

d) Displacement is 110 miles and distance traveled is 50 miles.


Average Velocity and Speed
A common way to describe
the motion of an object is
to show a graph of the
___________ __________.

Average velocity, or vavg, is


defined as the
displacement over the time
duration.

The average velocity has


the same sign as the
displacement
The magnitude Average Velocity
of the slope of
the x-t graph
gives the
average
velocity. Here,
the average
velocity is:
Average Velocity
Example Problem

A pitcher tosses a baseball up along a y-axis, with an initial


speed of 12 m/s. How long would the ball take to reach a
height of 4.0 m above the place it is tossed from?
Average Acceleration
• Average acceleration is the change of velocity over the
change of time.

• Here the velocity is v1 at time t1, and the velocity is v2


at time t2.

• The SI units for acceleration are ______.

• The sign of the velocity and acceleration can tell you


about the motion of an object:
Velocity and Acceleration
Concept Question
At one particular moment, a subway train is moving with a positive velocity and
negative acceleration. Which of the following phrases best describes the motion
of this train? Assume the front of the train is pointing in the positive x direction.

a) The train is moving forward as it slows down.

b) The train is moving in reverse as it slows down.

c) The train is moving faster as it moves forward.

d) The train is moving faster as it moves in reverse.

e) There is no way to determine whether the train is moving forward or in


reverse.
Average Acceleration
Example Problem

A car is driving in a straight line with an initial speed of 12


m/s. After 12 s the speed of the car is now 6.0 m/s. What is
the average acceleration of the car?
Average Acceleration
• Our bodies often react to accelerations but not
to velocities.
o fast car often does not bother the rider, but a
sudden brake is felt strongly by the rider
o Amusement car rides, where the rides change
velocities quickly to thrill the riders.
o Colonel J. P. Stapp in a rocket sled, which
undergoes sudden change in velocities.

• The magnitude of acceleration falling near the


Earth’s surface is 9.81 m/s2, and is often
referred to as g.
Velocity and Acceleration
Concept Question
A ball is thrown toward a wall, bounces, and returns to the thrower with the same
speed as it had before it bounced. Which one of the following statements
correctly describes this situation?
a) The ball was not accelerated during its contact with the wall because its
speed remained constant.
b) The instantaneous velocity of the ball from the time it left the thrower’s
hand was constant.
c) The only time that the ball had acceleration was when the ball started from
rest and left the hand of the thrower and again when the ball returned to
the hand and was stopped.
d) During this situation, the ball was never accelerated.
e) The ball was accelerated during its contact with the wall because its
direction changed.
Constant Acceleration
When the acceleration is constant:
means that ……(1)

Here, velocity at t = 0 is vo.

Similarly, , which means that

finally leading to …..(2)

Eliminating t from the Equations (1) and (2):


…..(3)

These equations are three of the Equations of Linear Motion.

Let’s look at our formula sheet!!


Constant Acceleration

x0 x v0 v a t
Constant Acceleration
Integrating
constant
acceleration graph
for a fixed time
duration yields
values for velocity
graph during that
time.
Similarly,
integrating velocity
graph will yield
values for position
graph.
Constant Acceleration
Concept Question
Which of the following velocity vs. time graphs represents an object with a
negative constant acceleration?
In this case objects Free-Fall Acceleration
close to the Earth’s
surface fall
towards the Earth’s
surface with no
external forces
acting on them
except for their
weight.

Use the constant


acceleration model
with “a” replaced
by “-g”, where g =
9.8 m/s2 for motion
close to the Earth’s
surface.

In vacuum, a
feather and an
Problem Solving Strategy

Read __________________

Draw Draw a picture of the situation __________________

Coordinate System Add a coordinate system to determine positive x-direction and positive y-direction

Write Variables Write down the six variables in a chart (x0, x, v0, v, a, t)

Convert Convert everything ____________

Determine Determine what _________________________

Choose Choose one of _________________________

Solve Solve the problem


Constant Acceleration
Example Problem

A pitcher tosses a baseball up along a y-


axis, with an initial speed of 12 m/s.
a) How long does the ball take to reach
its maximum height?
b) What is the ball’s maximum height
above its release point?
c) How long does the ball take to reach
a point 5.0 m above the release
point?
Constant Acceleration
Example Problem

A stone is dropped from a bridge into a river 43.9 m below.


Another stone is thrown vertically downward 1.00 s after the
first stone was dropped. The stones strike the water at the
same time. What is the initial speed of the second stone.

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